Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection

1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2024 Oct 29;737:150925. doi: 
10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150925. Online ahead of print.

Ethyl gallate ameliorates diabetes-induced Alzheimer's disease-like phenotype in 
rats via activation of α7 nicotinic receptors and mitigation of oxidative 
stress.

Nagori K(1), Pradhan M(2), Nakhate KT(3).

Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rungta College of Pharmaceutical 
Sciences and Research, Bhilai, 490024, Chhattisgarh, India.
(2)Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gracious College of Pharmacy, 
Abhanpur, 493661, Chhattisgarh, India.
(3)Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of 
Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India. Electronic address: 
kartik.nakhate@svkm.ac.in.

Cognitive decline, an important comorbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2D), is 
attributed to oxidative stress and impaired cholinergic signaling in the brain. 
The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is densely distributed in the 
hippocampus and cortex, and exerts neuroprotective and procognitive actions. 
Ethyl gallate (EG), a natural phenolic antioxidant compound, showed high 
in-silico binding affinity towards α7nAChR and brain penetrability. Therefore, 
the present study aimed to evaluate the involvement of α7nAChR in the potential 
of EG to ameliorate T2D-induced Alzheimer's disease-like condition. T2D was 
induced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in rats 
on high-fat diet. Diabetic animals were treated with EG (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) 
for four weeks, and their learning and memory performance was evaluated by the 
Morris water maze (MWM). Further, the brains were subjected to biochemical 
analysis of antioxidants like glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 
catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress marker malonaldehyde (MDA). While diabetic 
rats showed a significant decline in cognitive performance in the MWM, a 
substantial improvement was noticed following EG treatment. Further, the 
diabetes-associated reductions in GSH, SOD, and CAT levels, along with increased 
MDA contents in the brain, were effectively restored by EG. Interestingly, 
pre-treatment with α7nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) 
attenuated the effects of EG on behavioral and biochemical parameters. The 
results suggest that EG may augment cholinergic signaling in the brain via 
α7nAChR to mitigate oxidative stress, consequently alleviating T2D-associated 
dementia. Therefore, EG could be a potential candidate for addressing cognitive 
impairment comorbid with T2D.

Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150925
PMID: 39492127

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors 
have declared that no competing interest exists.


2. J Agric Food Chem. 2024 Aug 28;72(34):19016-19027. doi: 
10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05086. Epub 2024 Aug 15.

Bioaccessible Phenolic Alkyl Esters of Wine Lees Decrease COX-2-Catalyzed Lipid 
Mediators of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Time-Dependent Manner.

Medrano-Padial C(1), Pérez-Novas I(1), Domínguez-Perles R(1), García-Viguera 
C(1), Medina S(1).

Author information:
(1)Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Alimentos Saludables (LabFAS), CSIC, CEBAS, 
Campus Universitario de Espinardo 25, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain.

Lipophenols, phenolic compounds esterified with fatty alcohols or fatty acids, 
provide greater health benefits upon dietary ingestion of plant-based foods than 
unesterified (poly)phenols. Based on this premise, the present study aimed to 
demonstrate the role of gastrointestinal enzymes (pepsin, pancreatin, and 
pancreatic lipase) in releasing alkyl gallates and trans-caffeates from wine 
lees, providing bioactive compounds with enhanced capacities against oxidative 
stress (OS) and para-inflammation. The UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS-based analysis 
revealed ethyl gallate and ethyl trans-caffeate as the most prominent compounds 
(1.675 and 0.872 μg/g dw, respectively), while the bioaccessibility of the 
derivatives of gallic and caffeic acids was dependent on the alkyl chain 
properties. The de novo formation of alkyl gallates during gastric and 
intestinal digestion resulted from intestinal enzyme activity. Moreover, the in 
vitro capacity of bioaccessible alkyl esters of gallic and trans-caffeic acids 
to reduce cyclooxygenase-2 concentration and modulate oxilipins related to OS 
(8-iso-PGF2α) and inflammation (PGF2α and PGE2) was demonstrated in a 
time-dependent manner. In conclusion, the presence of alkyl esters of gallic and 
trans-caffeic acids in wine lees and their subsequent formation during digestion 
of this byproduct emphasize their value as a source of antioxidant and 
anti-inflammatory compounds, encouraging the consideration of wine lees as a 
valuable ingredient for health-promoting coproducts.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05086
PMCID: PMC11363137
PMID: 39145698 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing financial 
interest.


3. Food Chem. 2024 Dec 1;460(Pt 3):140726. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140726. 
Epub 2024 Aug 2.

Controlled release characteristics of alkyl gallates and gallic acid from 
β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of alkyl gallates.

Cai D(1), Wang X(1), Wang Q(1), Tong P(1), Niu W(1), Guo X(1), Yu J(1), Chen 
X(2), Liu X(1), Zhou D(1), Yin F(3).

Author information:
(1)SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research 
Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, 
Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School 
of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, 
People's Republic of China.
(2)School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 
Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.
(3)SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research 
Center of Seafood, Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, 
Liaoning Province Key Laboratory for Marine Food Science and Technology, School 
of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, 
People's Republic of China. Electronic address: yinfawen198@126.com.

The freeze-drying approach was used to create inclusion complexes utilizing 
alkyl gallates and β-cyclodextrin, namely dodecyl gallate, octyl gallate, butyl 
gallate, and ethyl gallate, which are exemplary examples of phenolic esters. The 
everted-rat-gut-sac model demonstrated that the inclusion complexes released 
alkyl gallates, which were subsequently hydrolyzed to generate free gallic acid, 
as evidenced by HPLC-UV analysis. Both gallic acid and short-chain alkyl 
gallates were capable of permeating the small intestinal membrane. The transport 
rate of gallic acid (or alkyl gallates) exhibited an initial rise followed by a 
drop when the carbon-chain lengths varied. The inclusion complex groups 
exhibited a superior sustained-release effect compared to the comparable alkyl 
gallates groups, thus possibly leading to higher bioavailability and stronger 
bioactivity. Moreover, altering the length of the carbon chain will allow for 
the effortless achievement of regulated release of phenolic compounds and 
short-chain phenolic esters from such β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes.

Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140726
PMID: 39111044 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors 
declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal 
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this 
paper.


4. Oncol Rep. 2024 Oct;52(4):128. doi: 10.3892/or.2024.8787. Epub 2024 Aug 2.

[Corrigendum] Ethyl gallate suppresses proliferation and invasion in human 
breast cancer cells via Akt‑NF‑κB signaling.

Cui H(1), Yuan J(1), Du X(1), Wang M(2), Yue L(3), Liu J(3).

Author information:
(1)Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, 
Heilongjiang 161006, P.R. China.
(2)Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, 
P.R. China.
(3)Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical College, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang 161042, 
P.R. China.

Erratum for
    Oncol Rep. 2015 Mar;33(3):1284-90. doi: 10.3892/or.2014.3682.

Following the publication of this article, an interested reader drew to the 
authors' attention that, for the cell migration assay data shown in Fig. 3C on 
p. 1287, the '2.5 μg/ml' and '5.0 μg/ml' panels appeared to be overlapping, such 
that these data were apparently derived from the same original source where they 
were intended to show the results from differently performed experiments. Upon 
asking the authors to provide an explanation, after having referred back to 
their original data, the authors realized that they had made an inadvertent 
error in assembling this figure. The revised version of Fig. 3, now showing the 
correct data for the '5.0 μg/ml' experiment, is shown on the next page. Note 
that the error made in assembling the data in Fig. 3 did not greatly affect 
either the results or the conclusions reported in this paper, and all the 
authors agree to the publication of this corrigendum. The authors regret that 
this error went unnoticed prior to the publication of their article, and are 
grateful to the Editor of Oncology Reports for granting them this opportunity to 
publish a corrigendum. They also apologize to the readership for any 
inconvenience caused. [Oncology Reports 33: 1284‑1290, 2015; DOI: 
10.3892/or.2014.3682].

DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8787
PMCID: PMC11332579
PMID: 39092577


5. Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 25;25(13):6930. doi: 10.3390/ijms25136930.

Comprehensive Characterization of Phytochemical Composition, Membrane 
Permeability, and Antiproliferative Activity of Juglans nigra Polyphenols.

Osztie R(1), Czeglédi T(1), Ross S(2), Stipsicz B(3)(4), Kalydi E(5), Béni S(6), 
Boldizsár I(1)(7), Riethmüller E(1), Bősze SE(4)(8), Alberti Á(1).

Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, 1085 
Budapest, Hungary.
(2)Department Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute for Drug Discovery, University 
of Leipzig, Eilenburger Str. 14, 04317 Leipzig, Germany.
(3)Institute of Biology, Doctoral School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd 
University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
(4)HUN-REN-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Research Network, 
ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
(5)Institute of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre u. 7., 
1092 Budapest, Hungary.
(6)Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 
1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
(7)Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd 
University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
(8)Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 
Nagyvárad tér 4., 1089 Budapest, Hungary.

The aim of our study was the detailed polyphenol profiling of Juglans nigra and 
the characterization of the membrane permeability and antiproliferative 
properties of its main phenolics. A total of 161 compounds were tentatively 
identified in J. nigra bark, leaf, and pericarp extracts by 
ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass 
spectrometry (UHPLC-HR-MS/MS). Eight compounds including 
myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside (86), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (106), 
quercetin-3-O-xyloside (74), juglone (141), 
1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-4-oxonaphthalen-1-yl-6-O-galloyl-glucoside 
(92), ellagic acid (143), gallic acid (14), and ethyl gallate (58) were isolated 
from J. nigra pericarp. The in vitro antiproliferative activity of the isolated 
compounds was investigated against three human cancer cell lines, confirming 
that juglone (141) inhibits cell proliferation in all of them, and has similar 
activity as the clinical standards. The permeability of the isolated compounds 
across biological membranes was evaluated by the parallel artificial membrane 
permeability assay (PAMPA). Both juglone (141) and ethyl-gallate (58) showed 
positive results in the blood-brain-barrier-specific PAMPA-BBB study. Juglone 
(141) also possesses logPe values which indicates that it may be able to cross 
both the GI and BBB membranes via passive diffusion.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136930
PMCID: PMC11241769
PMID: 39000038 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.