Worldwide, there are plants known as psychoactive plants that naturally contain psychedelic active components. They have a high concentration of neuroprotective substances that can interact with the nervous system to produce psychedelic effects. Despite these plants' hazardous potential, recreational use of them is on the rise because of their psychoactive properties. Early neuroscience studies relied heavily on psychoactive plants and plant natural products (NPs), and both recreational and hazardous NPs have contributed significantly to the understanding of almost all neurotransmitter systems. Worldwide, there are many plants that contain psychoactive properties, and people have been using them for ages. Psychoactive plant compounds may significantly alter how people perceive the world.
1. Res Vet Sci. 2015 Jun;100:239-44. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.04.001. Epub 2015 Apr 13. The serum concentrations of lupine alkaloids in orally-dosed Holstein cattle. Green BT(1), Lee ST(2), Welch KD(2), Gardner DR(2), Stegelmeier BL(2), Davis TZ(2). Author information: (1)Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA. Electronic address: Ben.Green@ars.usda.gov. (2)Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, USA. Teratogenic alkaloid-containing Lupinus spp. cause congenital defects known as crooked calf disease that is periodically economically devastating for the cattle industry. Previous research indicates that cattle breeds may eliminate plant toxins differently, potentially altering their susceptibility. The objective of this study was to describe the toxicokinetics in Holsteins of anagyrine, the teratogenic lupine alkaloid that produces crooked calf disease. Other alkaloids including lupanine, an unidentified alkaloid and 5,6-dehydrolupanine were also evaluated. Dried ground Lupinus leucophyllus was orally dosed to four Holstein steers and blood samples were collected for 96 h, analyzed for serum alkaloid concentrations and toxicokinetic parameters calculated. The serum elimination of anagyrine in Holstein steers was faster than those reported for beef breeds. This suggests that Holsteins may be less susceptible to lupine-induced crooked calf disease. Additional work is needed to confirm these findings and to verify if there is a breed difference in disease incidence or severity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.04.001 PMID: 25912242 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 2. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2008 Sep-Oct;63(9-10):653-7. doi: 10.1515/znc-2008-9-1007. Bactericidal and fungicidal activities of Calia secundiflora (Ort.) Yakovlev. Pérez-Laínez D(1), García-Mateos R, San Miguel-Chávez R, Soto-Hernández M, Rodríguez-Pérez E, Kite G. Author information: (1)Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Chapingo, México, 56230, México. Calia secundiflora (Ortega) Yakovlev (Fabaceae) is considered a medicinal plant in Mexico but has scarcely been used because of the toxicity of its quinolizidine alkaloids. Several quinolizidine alkaloids have shown bactericidal, nematicidal, and fungicidal activities. The purpose of this study was to identify the alkaloids in the seeds and evaluate the activity of the organic extract on several phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. An in vitro bioassay was conducted with species of the following phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum and Monilia fructicola; and of the following bacteria Pseudomonas sp., Xanthomonas campestris and Erwinia carotovora. Cytisine, lupinine, anagyrine, sparteine, N-methylcytisine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, and lupanine were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the extract of seeds; the most abundant compound of the extract was cytisine. It was observed that the crude extract of Calia secundiflora was moderately active on bacteria and more potent on phytopathogenic fungi. In contrast cytisine showed the opposite effects. DOI: 10.1515/znc-2008-9-1007 PMID: 19040102 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 3. J Chem Ecol. 2007 Jan;33(1):75-84. doi: 10.1007/s10886-006-9211-z. Epub 2006 Dec 5. Alkaloid profiles, concentration, and pools in velvet lupine (Lupinus leucophyllus) over the growing season. Lee ST(1), Ralphs MH, Panter KE, Cook D, Gardner DR. Author information: (1)Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341, USA. stlee@cc.usu.edu Lupinus leucophyllus is one of many lupine species known to contain toxic and/or teratogenic alkaloids that can cause congenital birth defects. The concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual major alkaloids were measured in three different years from different plant parts over the phenological development of the plant. All of the alkaloids were found in the different plant tissues throughout the growing season, although their levels varied in different tissues. Concentrations of total alkaloids and the individual alkaloids varied on an annual basis and in their distribution in the different tissues. Anagyrine levels were highest in the floral tissue, lupanine and unknown F accumulated to the greatest level in the vegetative tissue, and 5,6-dehydrolupanine accumulated to the highest level in the stem. These alkaloids appear to be in a metabolically active state with the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine accumulating to its highest level in the developing seed. The latter is, thus, the phenological stage posing the greatest danger to grazing livestock. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9211-z PMID: 17146716 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 4. Phytochemistry. 2006 Sep;67(17):1943-9. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.037. Epub 2006 Jul 28. Chemotaxonomy of Portuguese Ulex: quinolizidine alkaloids as taxonomical markers. Máximo P(1), Lourenço A, Tei A, Wink M. Author information: (1)REQUIMTE/CQFB, Departamento de Quimica, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Lisboa, Portugal. Six species of Portuguese Ulex L. in a total of nineteen populations were studied by GC-EIMS as to their content in quinolizidine alkaloids. Sparteine, beta-isosparteine, jussiaeiine A, N-methylcytisine, cytisine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, rhombifoline, lupanine, jussiaeiine B, N-formylcytisine, N-acetylcytisine, anagyrine, jussiaeiine C, jussiaeiine D, pohakuline, baptifoline, and epibaptifoline were detected. Analysis of the chromatograms showed that the chemical profile of all species was mainly composed of N-methylcytisine, cytisine, anagyrine, and jussiaeiines A, B, C and D. Therefore a quantification study of these alkaloids in all the populations studied was done by GC. These data were then submitted to cluster analysis and principal component analysis, which allowed the definition of five chemotypes and the recognition of hybrids. N-methylcytisine, cytisine, and jussiaeiines A, C and D are recognized as markers of this genus in Portugal. DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.05.037 PMID: 16876210 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 5. Phytochem Anal. 2005 Jul-Aug;16(4):264-6. doi: 10.1002/pca.832. A phytochemical study of the quinolizidine alkaloids from Genista tenera by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Martins A(1), Wink M, Tei A, Brum-Bousquet M, Tillequin F, Rauter AP. Author information: (1)Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, 5 piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has been used to analyse the alkaloids present in the aerial parts of Genista tenera. Anagyrine, cytisine, N-formylcytisine, N-methylcytisine and lupanine were the major compounds, the last two alkaloids being known for their hypoglycaemic activity. Dehydrocytisine, 5,6-dehydrolupanine, rhombifoline, aphylline and thermopsine were the minor alkaloids. The characterisation of the constituents was based on comparison of their Kovats retention indexes and electron impact-mass spectrometric data recorded on-line with those of reference compounds and literature data. DOI: 10.1002/pca.832 PMID: 16042152 [Indexed for MEDLINE]