Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection

1. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 Sep 28;17(10):1294. doi: 10.3390/ph17101294.

Immunomodulation of Macrophages in Diabetic Wound Individuals by Structurally 
Diverse Bioactive Phytochemicals.

Adhikary K(1), Sarkar R(2), Maity S(2), Sadhukhan I(3), Sarkar R(4), Ganguly 
K(4), Barman S(5), Maiti R(6), Chakraborty S(7), Chakraborty TR(8), Bagchi 
D(8)(9)(10), Banerjee P(11).

Author information:
(1)Department of Interdisciplinary Science, Centurion University of Technology 
and Management, Khurda 752050, Odisha, India.
(2)Department of Medical Lab Technology, Dr. B. C. Roy Academy of Professional 
Courses, Bidhannagar, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
(3)Department of Food Processing, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and 
Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India.
(4)Department of Medical Lab Technology & Biotechnology, Paramedical College 
Durgapur, Durgapur 713212, West Bengal, India.
(5)Department of Soil Science, Centurion University of Technology and 
Management, Paralakhemundi 761211, Odisha, India.
(6)Department of Physiology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura 722101, West 
Bengal, India.
(7)Department of Biological Sciences, New York City College of Technology, City 
University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
(8)Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Adelphi University, 
Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
(9)Department of Psychology, Gordon F. Derner School of Psychology, Adelphi 
University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA.
(10)Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health 
Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
(11)Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Diabetes-related ulcers and slow-healing wounds pose a significant health risk 
to individuals due to their uncertain causes. Mortality rates for diabetes foot 
ulcers (DFUs) range from 10% after 16 months to 24% after five years. The use of 
bioactive phytochemicals can play a key role in healing wounds in a predictable 
time. Recent literature has demonstrated that various natural substances, 
including flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and polysaccharides, play 
key roles at different stages of the wound-healing process through diverse 
mechanisms. These studies have categorized the compounds according to their 
characteristics, bioactivities, and modes of action. In this study, we evaluated 
the role of natural compounds derived from plant sources that have been shown to 
play a crucial role in immunomodulation. Macrophages are closely involved in 
immunomodulation within the wound microenvironment and are key players in 
efferocytosis, inflammation resolution, and tissue regeneration, all of which 
contribute to successful wound healing. Phytochemicals and their derivatives 
have shown capabilities in immune regulation, including macrophage migration, 
nitric oxide synthase inhibition, lymphocyte and T-cell stimulation, cytokine 
activation, natural killer cell enhancement, and the regulation of NF-κβ, TNF-α, 
and apoptosis. In this review, we have studied the role of phytochemicals in 
immunomodulation for the resolution of diabetic wound inflammation.

DOI: 10.3390/ph17101294
PMCID: PMC11510503
PMID: 39458935

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.


2. J Food Sci. 2024 Oct 25. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.17424. Online ahead of print.

Comparative study on the difference of saponins and nutrients in Panax 
notoginseng powder dried by new rapid drying technique and traditional hot air.

Zeng J(1)(2), Cheng Y(1)(2), Pu R(1)(2), Ning Y(1)(2), Liu M(1)(2), Ma J(1)(2), 
Cui XM(1)(2).

Author information:
(1)Faculty, of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and 
Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
(2)Yunnan Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Pseudoginseng 
Resources, Kunming, Yunnan, China.

Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (PN), commonly known as PN, is a nutritious 
natural food with a long history of consumption and has traditionally been used 
for dietary purposes in the form of dried processed products. Currently, 
developed a dry processing at short time and room temperature (DRST), which is 
characterized by high efficiency and low cost. However, there are few studies on 
the impact of DSRT. In this study, the effects of conventional hot air drying 
(DHA) and the innovative drying technology DSRT on the key components of PN were 
evaluated for the first time. The results showed that DRST could obtain 
processed PN products with smaller particle sizes and that DRST-treated PN could 
increase the content of five saponins by 1.38% for Ginsenoside Rg1, 0.1% for 
Ginsenoside Re, 0.83% for Ginsenoside Rb1, 0.16% for Ginsenoside Rd, and 0.36% 
for PN saponin R1, relative to the content of five saponins that could be 
increased by conventional DHA. The metabolome results yielded a total of 1401 
metabolites identified and analyzed, and 201 metabolites showed significant 
differences between the two techniques, which were expressed as amino acids, 
flavonoids, and other nutrient-active components. The results of this study 
indicate that the PN products produced by DRST technology have higher 
nutritional quality compared to traditional processing. This study provides 
support in the processing of PN and the development of PN products.

© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.

DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17424
PMID: 39455072


3. Int J Food Microbiol. 2024 Oct 18;427:110935. doi: 
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110935. Online ahead of print.

Preparation and characterization of a novel green cinnamon essential oil 
nanoemulsion for the enhancement of safety and shelf-life of strawberries.

Zhu Y(1), Chen T(1), Meng Z(2), Li T(2), Zhang J(3), Zhang N(4), Luo G(5), Wang 
Z(6), Zhou Y(7).

Author information:
(1)College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese 
Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China; Nano-drug Technology Research Center, Guizhou 
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
(2)College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese 
Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
(3)College of Food and Health, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
(4)School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Guizhou University of 
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China.
(5)School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, 
China.
(6)College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese 
Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China; Nano-drug Technology Research Center, Guizhou 
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China. Electronic 
address: wangrui551601@163.com.
(7)College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese 
Medicine, Guiyang 550025, China. Electronic address: yingzhou71@sina.com.

This study aimed to optimize a novel green CEO nanoemulsions (CEO NEs) and 
explore its physicochemical properties and the effect on the shelf-life of 
strawberries during storage at environmental temperature (20-25 °C). We used CEO 
as oil phase and tea saponin (TS) as a natural surfactant to formulate the novel 
green CEO NEs, and its potential as an antimicrobial agent was also 
investigated. The results showed that CEO NEs had a droplet size about 170 nm 
with uniform distribution and regularly spherical. These CEO NEs exhibited 
excellent storage stability, thermal stability, pH stability and centrifugal 
stability. The antimicrobial test indicated that the minimal inhibitory 
concentration and the minimal bactericidal (fungicidal) concentration of CEO NEs 
against Escherichia coli, Botrytis cinerea and Aspergillus flavus were 
17.81 μg/mL and 35.62 μg/mL, 35.62 μg/mL and 71.25 μg/mL, 2.23 μg/mL and 
4.45 μg/mL, respectively, which were significantly lower than those of pure CEO 
(333.75 μg/mL and 667.5 μg/mL, 667.5 μg/mL and 1335 μg/mL, 41.72 μg/mL and 
83.44 μg/mL). More interestingly, after soaking strawberries in CEO NEs for 
2 min, the shelf-life of strawberries can be extended to 7 days at environmental 
temperature, and a lower rate of weight loss and mildew were showed in the group 
of CEO NEs than other control groups, especially the strawberries in ultrapure 
water group went bad first, obviously shranked, and contaminated by molds after 
3 days. The above results indicate that CEO NEs prepared in this study has great 
potential as a new green antimicrobial agent in fruit preservation.

Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110935
PMID: 39437683

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors 
declare no conflict of interest.


4. Anal Chem. 2024 Oct 29;96(43):17432-17443. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04607. 
Epub 2024 Oct 14.

Saponin is Essential for the Isolation of Proteins and RNA from Biological 
Nanoparticles.

Brezgin S(1)(2), Frolova A(1)(2), Bayurova E(3), Slatinskaya O(4), Ponomareva 
N(1)(2), Parshina E(4), Bochkova Z(4), Kachanov A(1), Tikhonov A(1), Kostyusheva 
A(1), Karandashov I(1), Demina P(5), Latyshev O(6), Eliseeva O(6), Belikova 
M(3), Pokrovsky VS(7)(8), Gegechkory V(9), Khaydukov E(5), Silachev D(10)(11), 
Zamyatnin AA Jr(2)(11)(12)(13), Maksimov G(4), Lukashev A(1)(14), Gordeychuk 
I(3), Chulanov V(15), Kostyushev D(1)(2)(12).

Author information:
(1)Laboratory of Genetic Technologies, Martsinovsky Institute of Medical 
Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical 
University (Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.
(2)Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi 
354340, Russia.
(3)Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of 
Immunobiological Products, Russian Academy of Sciences (Polio Institute), Moscow 
142782, Russia.
(4)Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119234, Russia.
(5)Moscow Pedagogical State University, Moscow 119435, Russia.
(6)N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology of 
the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow 123098, Russia.
(7)Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia.
(8)People's Friendship University, Moscow 117198, Russia.
(9)Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov First 
Moscow State Medical University, Moscow 119146, Russia.
(10)V.I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology and 
Perinatology, Moscow 117997, Russia.
(11)Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State 
University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
(12)Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State 
University, Moscow 119234, Russia.
(13)Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical 
University, Trubetskaya Str. 8-2, Moscow 119991, Russia.
(14)Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, Moscow 117246, Russia.
(15)Department of Infectious Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University 
(Sechenov University), Moscow 119991, Russia.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), biomimetics, and other biological nanoparticles 
(BNs) produced from human cells are gaining increasing attention in the fields 
of molecular diagnostics and nanomedicine for the delivery of therapeutic cargo. 
In particular, BNs are considered prospective delivery vehicles for different 
biologics, including protein and RNA therapeutics. Moreover, EVs are widely used 
in molecular diagnostics for early detection of disease-associated proteins and 
RNA. Technical approaches for measuring biologics mostly originated from the 
field of EVs and were later adopted for other BNs, such as extracellular 
vesicle-mimetic nanovesicles, membrane nanoparticles (nanoghosts), and hybrid 
nanoparticles, with minimal modifications. Here, we demonstrate that BNs are 
highly resistant to protocols that severely underestimate the protein and RNA 
content of BNs, and provide the relevance of these data both for general BNs 
characterization and practical applications of CRISPR/Cas-based therapies. We 
demonstrate that the addition of saponin leads to an ∼2- to 7-fold enhancement 
in protein isolation and an ∼2- to 242-fold improvement in RNA recovery rates 
and detection efficiency. Differences in the proteolipid contents of BNs, 
measured by Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, correlate with their 
susceptibility to saponin treatment for cargo extraction. Finally, we develop a 
unified protocol using saponin to efficiently isolate proteins and RNA from the 
BNs. These data demonstrate that previously utilized protocols underestimate BN 
cargo contents and offer gold standard protocols that can be broadly adopted 
into the field of nanobiologics, molecular diagnostics, and analytical 
chemistry.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c04607
PMID: 39402710 [Indexed for MEDLINE]


5. J Tradit Chin Med. 2024 Oct;44(5):1052-1057. doi: 
10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2024.05.012.

Comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal, phytochemistry and pharmacological 
profile of.

Rawat R(1), Kumar H(1), Singh N(2), Deep A(1), Narasimhan B(3), Singh Yadav 
S(2), Kumar S(1).

Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, 
Bhiwani 127021, India.
(2)Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India.
(3)Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 
124001, India.

Ficus religiosa L. (F. religiosa) or sacred fig is a large perennial tree 
belonging to the family Moraceae or mulberry family. Though the tree has 
pan-tropical distribution but originally it is indigenous to the Indian 
subcontinent and Indochina region. Popularly the tree is named "Pepal or bodhi 
tree". Traditionally, it is practiced for the treatment of asthma, nose 
bleeding, heart disorders, diabetes, wound healing, ear problems, constipation, 
hyperlipidemia, gonorrhea, ulcers and infectious disorders. Chemical analysis 
demonstrated the presence of numerous bioactives including tannins, phenols, 
saponins, sugars, alkaloids, methionine, terpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides, 
proteins, separated amino acids, essential and volatile oils and steroids etc., 
which are probably responsible for its diverse pharmacological actions. The 
present work is an attempt to compile up-to-date comprehensive information on F. 
religiosa that covers its taxonomy, ethnomedicinal importance, phytochemistry, 
pharmacological attributes and clinical trials. Keeping in mind the various 
health attributes of F. religiosa, future research can be aimed at in-depth 
elucidation of the structure-function relationship and multifactorial signalings 
pathways.

DOI: 10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2024.05.012
PMCID: PMC11462526
PMID: 39380237 [Indexed for MEDLINE]