Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection

1. Front Chem. 2023 Sep 14;11:1260165. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1260165.
eCollection  2023.

Green extraction of Milletia pinnata oil for the development, and 
characterization of pectin crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose/guar gum herbal 
nano hydrogel.

Bhagyashree Devidas T(#)(1), Patil S(#)(2)(3), Sharma M(4), Ali N(5), Parvez 
MK(6), Al-Dosari MS(6), Liu S(3), Inbaraj BS(7), Bains A(1), Wen F(2)(3).

Author information:
(1)Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Phagawara, 
Punjab, India.
(2)Deparment of Haematology and Oncology, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, 
Shenzhen, China.
(3)Shenzhen Institute of Paediatrics, Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 
China.
(4)Haute Ecole Provinciale de Hainaut-Condorcet, Ath, Belgium.
(5)Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud 
University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
(6)Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
(7)Department of Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, 
Taiwan.
(#)Contributed equally

Milletia pinnata oil and Nardostachys jatamansi are rich sources of bioactive 
compounds and have been utilized to formulate various herbal formulations, 
however, due to certain environmental conditions, pure extract form is prone to 
degradation. Therefore, in this, study, a green hydrodistillation technology was 
used to extract M. pinnata oil and N. jatamansi root for the further application 
in development of pectin crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose/guar-gum nano 
hydrogel. Both oil and extract revealed the presence of spirojatamol and 
hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. Varied concentrations (w/w) of cross-linker and 
gelling agent were used to formulate oil emulsion extract gel (OEEG1, OEG1, 
OEEG2, OEG2, OEEG3, OEG3, OEEG4, OEG4, OEEG5, OEG5), in which OEEG2 and OEG2 
were found to be stable. The hydrogel displayed an average droplet size of 
186.7 nm and a zeta potential of -20.5 mV. Endo and exothermic peaks and the key 
functional groups including hydroxyl, amide II, and amide III groups confirmed 
thermal stability and molecular structure. The smooth surface confirmed 
structural uniformity. Bactericidal activity against both Gram-positive (25.41 ± 
0.09 mm) and Gram-negative (27.25 ± 0.01 mm) bacteria and anti-inflammatory 
activity (49.25%-83.47%) makes nanohydrogel a potential option for treating 
various infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. In conclusion, the use 
of green hydrodistillation technology can be used to extract the bioactive 
compounds that can be used in formulation of biocompatible and hydrophobic 
nanohydrogels. Their ability to absorb target-specific drugs makes them a 
potential option for treating various infections caused by pathogenic 
microorganisms.

Copyright © 2023 Bhagyashree Devidas, Patil, Sharma, Ali, Parvez, Al-Dosari, 
Liu, Inbaraj, Bains and Wen.

DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1260165
PMCID: PMC10538964
PMID: 37780989

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


2. Front Plant Sci. 2022 Nov 1;13:987986. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987986. 
eCollection 2022.

Green approach for the recovery of secondary metabolites from the roots of 
Nardostachys Jatamansi (D. Don) DC using microwave radiations: Process 
optimization and anti-alzheimer evaluation.

Arya A(1), Chahal R(1), Almutairi MH(2), Kaushik D(1), Aleya L(3), Kamel M(4), 
Abdel-Daim MM(5), Mittal V(1).

Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 
Haryana, India.
(2)Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 
Saudi Arabia.
(3)Chrono-Environnement Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6249, Bourgogne, Franche-Comté 
University, CEDEX, Besançon, France.
(4)Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary 
Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
(5)Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal 
University, Ismailia, Egypt.

Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC is a highly valued medicinal herb that has 
been used in traditional medicinal systems for its remedial effects. Owing to 
the over-exploitation and unethical trade of N. jatamansi, the accelerating 
global demand of herbal products from this plant cannot be satisfied by the 
conventional extraction approach. In view of the progressive demand and 
incredible biological potential of herb, the present research was designed to 
optimize various extraction parameters for microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). 
The extracts obtained from the traditional and green approach were also assessed 
for the recovery of secondary metabolites and anti-Alzheimer's potential. 
Various parameters like microwave power, temperature, and time of irradiation 
were optimized for MAE using Box Behkhen Design (BBD) The scanning electron 
microscopy of different plant samples was also done to observe the effect of 
microwave radiations. Further, the metabolite profiling of different extracts 
was also done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Also the 
different behavioral and biochemical parameters along with acetylcholinesterase 
(AChE) inhibitory potential were assessed to evaluate the anti-Alzheimer's 
potential. Optimized parameters for MAE were found to be as microwave power 
187.04 W, temperature 90°C, and irradiation time 20 min. The extract yield in 
MAE was significantly enhanced as compared to the conventional method. Also, the 
total phenolic content and total flavonoid content (TFC) were improved pointedly 
from 32.13 ± 0.55 to 72.83 ± 1.1 mg of GAE/g of extract and 21.7 ± 0.85 to 39.21 
± 0.7 mg of RUE/g of extract respectively. Later, the GC-MS analysis of various 
extracts confirmed the enhancement in the concentration of various 
sesquiterpenes like jatamansone, spirojatamol, valerenal, valeric acid, 
globulol, nootkatone and steroidal compounds such as sitosterol, ergosterol, 
stigmastanone, etc. in the optimized extract. A significant improvement in 
anti-Alzheimer's potential was also observed owing to the better concentration 
of secondary metabolites in the optimized microwave extract. From the current 
findings, it could be concluded that the MAE could be a successful and green 
alternative for the extraction and recovery of secondary metabolites from the 
selected medicinal herb.

Copyright © 2022 Arya, Chahal, Almutairi, Kaushik, Aleya, Kamel, Abdel-Daim and 
Mittal.

DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.987986
PMCID: PMC9664055
PMID: 36388547

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


3. Ultrason Sonochem. 2022 Sep;89:106133. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106133.
Epub  2022 Aug 24.

Mutivariate optimization strategy for the sonication-based extraction of 
Nardostachys jatamansi roots and analysis for chemical composition, anti-oxidant 
and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential.

Arya A(1), Mittal V(2), Kaushik D(1), Kumar M(3), Alotaibi SS(4), Albogami 
SM(4), El-Saber Batiha G(5), Jeandet P(6).

Author information:
(1)Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 
124001, Haryana, India.
(2)Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 
124001, Haryana, India. Electronic address: drvineet.pharma@mdurohtak.ac.in.
(3)M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), 
Mullana (133207), Ambala, Haryana, India.
(4)Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 
11099, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
(5)Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 
Damanhour University, Damanhour, AlBeheira, Egypt.
(6)University of Reims, Research Unit-Induced Resistance and Plant 
Bioprotection, EA 4707 - USC INRAe 1488, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, 51687 
Reims, France. Electronic address: philippe.jeandet@univ-reims.fr.

Extracts from medicinal plants are generally obtained by conventional methods 
like percolation and maceration. Owing to limitations of traditional methods and 
to meet the rising demand of extracts, the development of new green approaches 
is need of hour. In the present research, we have developed an 
ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method for the Nardostachys jatamansi (NJ) 
D. Don, DC roots and optimized the extraction parameters for possible improved 
extract yield. A multivariate optimization strategy using the Centre Composite 
Design coupled with response surface methodology was applied. A numerical 
optimization approach accurately predicted the extraction conditions (sonication 
time ∼ 20 min, ethanol ∼ 70 % and a liquid/solid ratio of about 21:1). Scanning 
electron microscopy of the plant samples after UAE also indicated the cavitation 
effect due to sound waves. GC-MS analysis of the optimized ultrasound extract 
(OUNJ) confirmed improvement in the concentration of various secondary 
metabolites like jatamansone (91.8 % increase), spirojatamol (42.3 % increase), 
globulol (130.4 % increase), sitosterol (84.6 % increase) as compared to the 
soxhlet extract (SXNJ). Different anti-oxidant parameters (DPPH, Glutathione, 
Catalase SOD and NO) were also significantly altered (p < 0.05) in the optimized 
extracts. The IC50 to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in vitro and 
its concentration in brain homogenates were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by 
OUNJ extract as compared to the SXNJ ones. To conclude, we can say that 
established optimized conditions for UAE of N. jatamansi roots not only reduce 
the extraction time but also improved the pharmacological potential of the 
extracts.

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106133
PMCID: PMC9436804
PMID: 36037596 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors 
declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal 
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this 
paper.


4. J Nat Med. 2008 Jan;62(1):112-6. doi: 10.1007/s11418-007-0199-7. Epub 2007 Oct
 6.

Comparative study on volatile components of Nardostachys rhizome.

Tanaka K(1), Komatsu K.

Author information:
(1)Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Resources, Institute of 
Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. 
ktanaka@inm.u-toyama.ac.jp

Volatile components in 13 crude drug samples derived from Nardostachys chinensis 
or Nardostachys grandiflora were studied by solid phase micro extraction 
(SPME)-GC and SPME-GC-MS. Twenty-three compounds accounting for 81.3 and 70.0% 
of volatile components in newly collected samples of two species were 
identified. beta-Maaliene, 9-aristolene, calarene and patchouli alcohol were 
identified as the major volatile constituents of N. chinensis, whereas 
aromadendrene, cube-11-ene, epi-alpha-selinene, spirojatamol and valeranone were 
identified as those of N. grandiflora. Using the peaks of beta-maaliene and 
9-aristolene in GC profiles as the marker, two Nardostachys species were clearly 
distinguished among the samples examined.

DOI: 10.1007/s11418-007-0199-7
PMID: 18404355 [Indexed for MEDLINE]