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  Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection





Worldwide, there are plants known as psychoactive plants that naturally contain psychedelic active components. They have a high concentration of neuroprotective substances that can interact with the nervous system to produce psychedelic effects. Despite these plants' hazardous potential, recreational use of them is on the rise because of their psychoactive properties. Early neuroscience studies relied heavily on psychoactive plants and plant natural products (NPs), and both recreational and hazardous NPs have contributed significantly to the understanding of almost all neurotransmitter systems. Worldwide, there are many plants that contain psychoactive properties, and people have been using them for ages. Psychoactive plant compounds may significantly alter how people perceive the world.

 

 

1. Exp Parasitol. 2024 May;260:108725. doi: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108725. Epub 2024 Mar 7. Enhancing chlamydospore production in Duddingtonia flagrans on solid substrate: The impact of mannitol and varied cultivation conditions. Junco M(1), Iglesias LE(2), Zegbi S(2), Sagués MF(2), Guerrero I(2), Bernat G(3), Fuentes ME(4), Riva E(4), Fernández AS(4), Saumell CA(2). Author information: (1)Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Sanidad Animal, Pública y Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Electronic address: mjunco@vet.unicen.edu.ar. (2)Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Centro de Investigaciones en Sanidad Animal, Pública y Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. (3)Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. (4)Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Sanidad Animal y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Duddingtonia flagrans is a nematophagous fungus which has shown promising results as a non-chemical parasitic control tool. The fungus disrupts the parasite's life cycle by trapping larvae in the environment through the networks generated from chlamydospores, thus preventing the reinfection of animals. One barrier to the development of a commercial product using this tool is the need to increase chlamydospore production in the laboratory for its administration to livestock. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of mannitol to an enriched culture medium and the effect of adverse cultivation conditions on chlamydospore production. D. flagrans was cultivated on Petri dishes with corn agar for 4 weeks at 27 °C and 70% relative humidity (RH). Four groups were then formed, all with Sabouraud agar as a base, to which different growth inducers were added: GSA (glucose Sabouraud agar), GSA-MI (glucose Sabouraud agar + meso inositol), GSA-E (enriched glucose Sabouraud agar), and AE-M (enriched agar + mannitol). After 4 weeks, chlamydospores were recovered by washing the surface of each plate with distilled water and then quantified. The medium that yielded the highest amount of chlamydospores was subjected to different cultivation conditions: NC (normal conditions): 70% RH and 27 °C, AC (adverse conditions) 1: 20% RH and 40 °C, CA2: 60% RH and 27 °C, and CA3: 55% RH and 24 °C. It was determined that mannitol increases chlamydospore production (65x106 chlamydospores/plate), and when reducing humidity by 10% under cultivation conditions it resulted in an approximately 10% increase in chlamydospore production compared to the control group. These results suggest that the addition of polyols, as well as its cultivation under certain environmental conditions, can improve chlamydospore production on a laboratory scale. Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108725 PMID: 38458554 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 2. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2021 Jul;114(7):913-931. doi: 10.1007/s10482-021-01566-y. Epub 2021 Apr 21. Streptomyces brasiliscabiei, a new species causing potato scab in south Brazil. Corrêa DBA(1), do Amaral DT(2), da Silva MJ(3), Destéfano SAL(4). Author information: (1)Laboratório de Bacteriologia Vegetal, Instituto Biológico, Centro Avançado em Proteção de Plantas e Sanidade Animal-CAPSA, Alameda Dos Vidoeiros, 1097, Gramado, Campinas, SP, CEP:13101-680, Brazil. (2)Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências E Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil. (3)Centro de Biologia Molecular E Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. (4)Laboratório de Bacteriologia Vegetal, Instituto Biológico, Centro Avançado em Proteção de Plantas e Sanidade Animal-CAPSA, Alameda Dos Vidoeiros, 1097, Gramado, Campinas, SP, CEP:13101-680, Brazil. suzete.destefano@sp.gov.br. This study aimed to characterize six Streptomyces strains associated with potato scab in south Brazil through polyphasic taxonomy involving morphology, pathogenicity and genetic features. These strains were compared with other potato-scab Streptomyces species mainly S. europaeiscabiei, S. scabiei and S. stelliscabiei. South-Brazilian Streptomyces strains were morphologically distinct from the type strains of S. scabiei (CFBP 4517T) and their genomospecies S. europaeiscabiei (CFBP 4497 T) and S. stelliscabiei (CFBP 4521T), producing a brown substrate mycelium with red borders and cream-grey brown aerial spores. Red-brown diffusible pigment on YME was also observed. The carbon sources L-Arabinose, D-Fructose, D-Glucose, D-Mannitol, meso-Inositol, Raffinose, Rhamnose, Sucrose, D-Xylose were tested for these strains. All strains were pathogenic causing symptoms of necrosis on radish and several potato cultivars commonly used in potato growing areas in Brazil. In greenhouse conditions, the strains caused scab disease and produced deep-pitted lesions covering large areas of the tuber. These results were correlated with presence of pathogenicity marker genes (txtAB, tomA or nec1) detected by PCR amplifications. In both phylogenetic analyses, 16S rRNA and MLSA, Streptomyces sp. Brazilian strains were closely related to S. europaeiscabiei, S. scabiei and S. stelliscabiei species, but they were allocated in separated branches supported by high bootstrap values and/or with low sequence similarity values. Sequencing of whole genome showed an 10,846,379 bp linear chromosome with high GC content (71.3%) consisting of 9179 putative genes, 3 rRNAs, 89 tRNAs and 1 CRISPRS. The molecular data, including genomic features, associated with morphological, biochemical and pathogenic characteristics warrant that the six Streptomyces Brazilian strains represent a new species associated with potato scab in Brazil, which would be named Streptomyces brasiliscabiei with IBSBF 2867T as the type strain. DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01566-y PMID: 33881637 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 3. Plant Dis. 2014 May;98(5):683. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0699-PDN. First Report of Streptomyces galilaeus Associated with Common Scab in China. Guo FL(1), Zhang HY(1), Yu XM(1), Zhao WQ(1), Liu DQ(1), Goyer C(2). Author information: (1)Biological Control Center of Plant Diseases and Plant Pests of Hebei Province, Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China. (2)Potato Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 20280, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7, Canada. During a survey of potato scab pathogens in China from 2003 to 2012, a new pathogen was found in Shanxi and Neimenggu provinces. The incidence was approximately 20% of all recovered strains. The lesions caused by the pathogen were slightly raised and similar to those caused by Streptomyces scabies (3). Lesions were excised (approximately 10 mm3) from 40 infected tubers, surface-disinfested with 0.3% NaOCl for 30 s, rinsed in sterile water three times, cut into 5 mm3, then sliced into 1-mm pieces, and plated on water agar amended with ampicillin (50 μg/ml). Plates were incubated at 28°C in the dark for 4 days. The spores of Streptomyces sp. strains growing from the tuber pieces were collected from single bacterial colonies and cultured on oatmeal agar. To fulfill Koch's postulates, one strain, CPS-2, was grown at 28°C for 10 days and the spores were washed from the plates as inoculum. One hundred milliliters of inoculum (1 × 105 CFU/ml) was mixed with autoclaved soil and vermiculite (1:1) in each pot (15 cm in diameter). Cut tubers were planted in the pots (potato cv. Favorita, one plant per pot, five replicates) and grown under greenhouse conditions (22 ± 5°C). Typical common scab symptoms consisting of small, brown, raised lesions developed on potato tubers 12 weeks after planting. The same strain was re-isolated from the lesions of the new scabby tubers. Non-inoculated plants, treated as described above, but without strain CPS-2, remained healthy. The CPS-2 strain was identified based on morphological and physiological characterization and 16S rDNA sequence. On yeast-malt extract agar, the test strain produced grayish-white aerial hypha, reddish brown substrate mycelium and pigments, and loose spiral spore chains. Spores were smooth and were 0.8 to 0.9 × 1.1 to 1.2 μm in size (diameter and length). The ability of the strain to use single sources of carbon and nitrogen was verified according to the International Streptomyces project (4). The strain grew in media supplemented with L-arabinose, D-fructose, D-glucose, rhamnose, raffinose, meso-inositol, sucrose, and D-xylose, but not D-mannitol. It used L-hydroxyproline, L-methionine, and L-histidine, and produced melanin on tyrosine and peptone yeast extract agar. The strain did not grow at a pH less than 5.0 and was sensitive to streptomycin (20 μg/ml), phenol (0.1%), and crystal violet (0.5 μg/mL), but not to penicillin (10 IU/ml). The strain also produced hydrogen sulfide. The biological characteristics of strain CPS-2 were in accord with Streptomyces galilaeus. CPS-2 produced thaxtomin A in oatmeal liquid medium and the txt AB gene fragment was successfully amplified using specific primers (2). The 16S rDNA sequence of CPS-2 was amplified by PCR with primers 16S1-F: 5'-CATTCACGGAGAGTTTGATCC-3' and 16S1-R: 5'-AGAAAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3' (1) and sequenced. A BLAST search of the 16S rDNA sequence for CPS-2 was conducted using the NCBI GenBank database, resulting in 99.8% similarity to S. galilaeus (NR_040857). The 16S rDNA sequence for CPS-2 (1,388 bp) was deposited in GenBank (AY621378). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. galilaeus causing common scab of potato in China. References: (1) R. A. Bukhalid et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:738, 2002. (2) R. Flores-González et al. Plant Pathol. 57:162, 2008. (3) D. H. Lambert and R. Loria. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 39:387, 1989. (4) E. B. Shirling and D. Gottlieb. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 16:313, 1966. DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0699-PDN PMID: 30708536 4. Parasitol Res. 2013 Mar;112(3):1047-51. doi: 10.1007/s00436-012-3231-0. Epub 2012 Dec 16. Optimization of production of chlamydospores of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans in solid culture media. Federica SM(1), Alberto FL, Emilia IL, Carina MF, Alfredo SC. Author information: (1)Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnologicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, B7000GHG, Argentina. federica@vet.unicen.edu.ar The large-scale production of nematophagous fungi as agents of biological control is one of the main challenges to be commercially used. In order to improve growth of microorganism in a culture medium, the addition of growth inducer is common. At the moment, the action of their addition in the mycelia growth and sporulation rate of nematophagous fungi is not known. The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the sporulation rate of Duddingtonia flagrans by adding two growth inducers, meso-inositol and Tween 80, both at 0.5 % in a traditional culture medium Sabouraud glucose agar (SGA) and also in a traditional culture medium enriched with wheat flour and milk powder. From a traditional sterile culture of D. flagrans, four groups were made: SGA; Sabouraud glucose agar-meso-inositol 0.5 %; Sabouraud glucose agar-Tween 80 0.5 %; and Sabouraud glucose agar-enriched (SGA-E). These media were placed at a constant temperature of 27 °C for 4 weeks. Following this, chlamydospores were gently rinsed off with sterile water and counted using a Neubauer haematocytometer to estimate the number of chlamydospores per millilitre of water. The addition of meso-inositol 0.5 % to SGA promoted a significant increase (p < 0.05) in chlamydospore production obtaining an average of 51,715,000 chlamydospores per Petri dish. The highest chlamydospore concentration was observed in the SGA-E in comparison with SGA (p < 0.01) obtaining an average of 208,760,000 chlamydospores. The aim of this study was to obtain basic knowledge regarding the effect of enriched culture medium and growth-inducing meso-inositol and Tween 80 on mycelial growth and production of chlamydospores. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3231-0 PMID: 23242269 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 5. J AOAC Int. 2012 Jul-Aug;95(4):937-42. doi: 10.5740/jaoacint.cs2011_18. Determination of myo-inositol (free and bound as phosphatidylinositol) in infant formula and adult nutritionals by liquid chromatography/pulsed amperometry with column switching: first action 2011.18. Schimpf K(1), Thompson L, Baugh S. Author information: (1)Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Rd, Columbus, OH 43219, USA. karen.schimpf@abbott.com Myo-inositol is a 6-carbon cyclic polyalcohol also known as meso-inositol, meat sugar, inosite, and i-inositol. It occurs in nature in both free (myo-inositol) and bound (inositol phosphates and phosphatidylinositol) forms. For the determination of free myo-inositol, samples are mixed with dilute hydrochloric acid to extract myo-inositol and precipitate proteins, diluted with water, and filtered. For the determination of myo-inositol bound as phosphatidylinositol, samples are extracted with chloroform, isolated from other fats with silica SPE cartridges, and hydrolyzed with concentrated acid to free myo-inositol. Prepared samples are first injected onto a Dionex CarboPac PA1 column, which separates myo-inositol from other late-eluting carbohydrates. After column switching, myo-inositol is further separated on a CarboPac MA1 column using a 0.12% sodium hydroxide mobile phase; strongly retained carbohydrates are eluted from the PA1 column with a 3% sodium hydroxide mobile phase. Eluant from the CarboPac MA1 analytical column passes through an electrochemical detector cell where myo-inositol is detected by pulsed amperometry using a gold electrode. The method showed appropriate performance characteristics versus selected established standard method performance requirement parameters for the determination of myo-inositol: linear response; repeatability (RSDr) of 2%; and intermediate precision (RSDir) of 2.5%. Instrument LOD and LOQ were 0.0004 and 0.0013 mg/100 mL, respectively, and correspond to a free myo-inositol quantitation limit of 0.026 mg/100 g and a phosphatidylinositol quantitation limit of 0.016 mg/100 g. Correlation with the reference microbiological assay was good. The proposed method has been accepted by the Expert Review Panel as an AOAC First Action Method, suitable for the routine determination of myo-inositol in infant formula and adult nutritionals. DOI: 10.5740/jaoacint.cs2011_18 PMID: 22970560 [Indexed for MEDLINE]