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  Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection





Worldwide, there are plants known as psychoactive plants that naturally contain psychedelic active components. They have a high concentration of neuroprotective substances that can interact with the nervous system to produce psychedelic effects. Despite these plants' hazardous potential, recreational use of them is on the rise because of their psychoactive properties. Early neuroscience studies relied heavily on psychoactive plants and plant natural products (NPs), and both recreational and hazardous NPs have contributed significantly to the understanding of almost all neurotransmitter systems. Worldwide, there are many plants that contain psychoactive properties, and people have been using them for ages. Psychoactive plant compounds may significantly alter how people perceive the world.

 

 

1. Ultrason Sonochem. 2024 Jul;107:106946. doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106946. Epub 2024 Jun 6. Facilitating polymorphic crystallization of HMX through ultrasound and trace additive assistance. Li J(1), Li S(2), Huang S(2), Xu J(2), Yan Q(3), Jin S(4), Liu Y(5). Author information: (1)Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mian Yang 621900, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100083, China. (2)Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mian Yang 621900, China. (3)Science and Technology on Combustion, Internal Flow and Thermo-structure Laboratory, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. (4)School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100083, China. Electronic address: jinshaohua@bit.edu.cn. (5)Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering and Physics, Mian Yang 621900, China. Electronic address: new615@163.com. Low sensitivity octahydro-1,3,4,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) has garnered significant attention from researchers due to its reduced shock sensitivity. However, the crystallization process poses challenges due to the high solidity and viscosity of the metastable α phase. Despite efforts to address this with additional energy sources like ultrasonic irradiation, prolonged exposure duration often results in small particle sizes, hindering the production of HMX with a consistent particle size distribution, thus limiting its applicability. To overcome these challenges, a method combining ultrasonic irradiation and trace H+ additive was proposed and investigated for their impact on the polymorphic transformation of HMX. The H+ additive was found to modify barriers, thus there was a lack of competitive driving force for the nucleation or growth of the metastable α form, thereby shortening the transformation pathway and duration. Moreover, the H+ additive significantly accelerated the nucleation rate of the β form (67.7 orders of magnitude faster with 0.10 wt ‰ H+) and the growth rate of β form HMX (5.8 orders of magnitude faster with 0.10 wt ‰ H+). While H+ additive alone was insufficient to induce spontaneous nucleation of the β form, combining it with short-duration ultrasonic irradiation further promoted β nucleation and shortened the polymorphic transformation duration (almost 20 orders of magnitude shorter). This rational approach led to effective control of the transformation process. The resulting low sensitivity HMX crystals exhibited varying mean sizes ranging from 20 to 340 μm, with purity exceeding 99.6 %, an apparent density greater than 1.8994 g/cm3, and few internal defects, fully meeting the requirements of low-sensitivity HMX, thus significantly expanding its potential applications. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms governing HMX polymorphic transformation in the presence of additives and ultrasonic irradiation, offering guidance for the rational control of this complex transformation. Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106946 PMCID: PMC11187238 PMID: 38852536 Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 2. RSC Adv. 2024 Feb 2;14(7):4448-4455. doi: 10.1039/d3ra08764f. eCollection 2024 Jan 31. Influence of H-bond competitors on the solvent-dependent structures of an octaurea-calix[4]tube. Milone M(1), Pisagatti I(1), Gattuso G(1), Notti A(1), Parisi MF(1), Brancatelli G(2), Hickey N(2), Geremia S(2). Author information: (1)Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 Messina 98166 Italy anotti@unime.it mparisi@unime.it. (2)Centro di Eccellenza in Biocristallografia, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste Via L. Giorgieri 1 Trieste I-34127 Italy sgeremia@units.it. A novel octaurea-calix[4]tube (UC4T) has been synthesized in three steps from the original Beer's p-tert-butylcalix[4]tube ionophore. In a polar solvent (DMSO-d6), UC4T rapidly interconverts between two identical conformations with C2v symmetry for the two calix[4]arene subunits. However, in a less polar solvent mixture (CDCl3/DMSO-d6, 98 : 2), UC4T adopts a highly distorted asymmetric structure, which hinders the formation of typical tetraurea calix[4]arene capsular assemblies. The complexation of potassium (or barium) cations inside the dioxyethylene ionophoric binding site of UC4T triggers a C2v to C4v symmetry rearrangement of the two calix[4]arene subunits. This rearrangement leads to the formation of a transient capsular dimeric species observed in solution upon the addition of KI or BaCl2·2H2O to a solution (CDCl3/DMSO-d6, 98 : 2) of the macrocycle. X-ray studies confirm UC4T's ability to adopt different asymmetric conformations, depending on its interactions with solvent molecules. Two distinct crystal forms (α and β) of UC4T have been obtained, each displaying divergent calix[4]arene subunits with pinched-cone conformations. These conformations exhibit distinctive head-to-tail (α) or head-to-head/tail-to-tail (β) orientations of the ureido groups, which are involved in hydrogen bonding with solvent molecules. Notably, the pseudo-capsular 1D supramolecular polymeric arrays observed in the β form of UC4T assemble to create large parallel solvent channels. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry. DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08764f PMCID: PMC10835760 PMID: 38312720 Conflict of interest statement: There are no conflicts to declare. 3. J Phys Chem Lett. 2024 Jan 11;15(1):180-186. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02769. Epub 2023 Dec 28. Spatiotemporal Control of Polymorphic Phase Transition of Glycine Crystals by Three-Dimensional Femtosecond Laser Ablation Processing. Takahashi H(1), Yoshimura Y(1), Murai R(2)(3), Kawamura R(4), Maruyama M(2)(5), Yoshimura M(6), Mori Y(2), Yoshikawa HY(1). Author information: (1)Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. (2)Division of Electrical, Electronic and Infocommunications Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. (3)SOSHO CHOKO Inc., 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. (4)Department of Chemistry, Graduated Schools of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-okubo 255, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan. (5)Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan. (6)Institute of Laser Engineering (ILE), Osaka University, 2-6 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. Spatiotemporal control of the polymorphic phase transition of glycine crystals was demonstrated by three-dimensional (3D) processing with a focused femtosecond laser pulse as an external stimulus. We found that the transition from a metastable form (β-form) to more stable ones (α- or γ-form) could be triggered from the irradiated area of not only the surface but also inside of glycine crystals. This 3D processing with a focused femtosecond laser pulse enabled us to precisely monitor the transition dynamics from a targeted position to the entire part of crystals. The systematic study with the space-selective phase transition method revealed that the phase transition inside of glycine crystals was significantly slower (e.g., ∼50 times) than that at the crystal surface, which indicates the crucial role of water molecules in air on the phase transition dynamics. We foresee that this laser method can be a practical tool for monitoring spatiotemporal dynamics of phase transition. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02769 PMID: 38153689 4. Chemosphere. 2023 Dec;344:140386. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140386. Epub 2023 Oct 7. Fabrication of nanofibrous PbO(2) electrode embedded with Pt for decomposition of organic chelating agents. Kim TH(1), Jeong C(2), Choi JH(3), Park HS(3), Lee KW(4), Lee TS(5). Author information: (1)Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea. (2)Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea. (3)Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon, 34057, South Korea. (4)Institute of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea. Electronic address: nkwlee@cnu.ac.kr. (5)Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea. Electronic address: tslee@cnu.ac.kr. A new fabrication method of nanofibrous metal oxide electrode comprising Pt nanofiber (Pt-NF) covered with PbO2 on a Ti substrate was proposed. Pt-NF was obtained by performing sputtering deposition of Pt on the surface of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofiber on a Ti substrate, in which PVA was then removed by calcination (Ti/Pt-NF). Subsequently, by introducing PbO2 to the Ti/Pt-NF using the electrodeposition method, a nanofibrous Ti/Pt-NF/PbO2 electrode was finally obtained. Because the Ti substrate was covered by nanofibrous Pt, it had no environmental exposure and thus, was not oxidized during calcination. The crystal structure of the PbO2 mainly consisted of β-form rather than α-form; the β-form was suitable for electrochemical decomposition and remained stable even after 20 h of use. The nanofibrous Ti/Pt-NF/PbO2 electrodes showed 10% lower anode potential, 1.6 times higher current density at water decomposition potential, lower electrical resistance in the ion charge transfer resistance, and 2.27 times higher electrochemically active surface area than those of a planar-type Ti/Pt/PbO2 electrode, and demonstrated excellent electrochemical performance. As a result, compared with the planar electrode, the Ti/Pt-NF/PbO2 electrode showed more effective electrochemical decomposition toward nitrilotriacetic acid (80%) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (83%), which are commonly used as chelating agents in nuclear decontamination. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140386 PMID: 37813248 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 5. J Oleo Sci. 2023 Aug 1;72(8):799-810. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess23034. Epub 2023 Jul 20. Enzymatic Interesterification of Palm Stearin, Flaxseed Oil and Cottonseed Stearin to Produce Stable Plastic Fat with Balanced Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Su R(1), Liu X(1), Sun-Waterhouse D(2), Wang W(3), Wang Y(1)(4). Author information: (1)School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology. (2)School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland. (3)Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences. (4)Guangdong Yue-shan Special Nutrition Technology Co., Ltd. This study aimed to produce stable plastic fat with desired physicochemical characteristics and ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio (1:1-4:1) from palm stearin (PS), flaxseed oil (FSO) and cottonseed stearin (CS) via enzymatic interesterification (EIE). For the first time, the EIE variables of the blends containing PS, FSO and CS were investigated and optimized through single-factor experiments and response surface design to achieve a high interesterification degree. The optimized enzymatic interesterification conditions were: 60°C, 6 wt% Lipase UM1, and 6 h. Lipase UM1 had a similar effect on ID values with commercial lipases. The EIE improved the compatibility of the lipid blends, with the interesterified product EIE-721 (7:2:1, PS: FSO:CS) being the best candidate base stock for shortening considering its solid fat content, desired ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid ratio, wide melting range, abundant β' form crystal, and compact microstructure. This study provides a strategy to produce balanced ω-6/ω-3 fatty acid plastic fat through enzymatic interesterification and validates the application of Lipase UM1 in the preparation of plastic fat. DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23034 PMID: 37468271 [Indexed for MEDLINE]