Worldwide, there are plants known as psychoactive plants that naturally contain psychedelic active components. They have a high concentration of neuroprotective substances that can interact with the nervous system to produce psychedelic effects. Despite these plants' hazardous potential, recreational use of them is on the rise because of their psychoactive properties. Early neuroscience studies relied heavily on psychoactive plants and plant natural products (NPs), and both recreational and hazardous NPs have contributed significantly to the understanding of almost all neurotransmitter systems. Worldwide, there are many plants that contain psychoactive properties, and people have been using them for ages. Psychoactive plant compounds may significantly alter how people perceive the world.
1. Fitoterapia. 2024 Jan;172:105737. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105737. Epub 2023 Nov 7. Aporphine and amide alkaloids from Illigera parviflora. Xu JJ(1), Yin YP(1), Wei W(1), Tan QG(2). Author information: (1)Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, PR China. (2)Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650302, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery and Optimization, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, PR China. Electronic address: qgtan@glmc.edu.cn. Three undescribed alkaloids (+)-9-hydroxy-N-acetylnordicentrine (1), illigeparvinine (2), and deca-(2E,4Z)-2,4-dienoic acid 4-hydroxy-2-phenethyl amide (3), along with 19 known analogues (4-22), were isolated from the ethnic medicinal plant Illigera parviflora. Their structures were established using NMR, MS, and other spectroscopic analyses as well as X-ray diffraction. Moderate inhibition of human gastric carcinoma (MGC-803) and breast adenocarcinoma (T-47D) cell lines proliferation was observed for actinodaphnine (4) with IC50 values of 28.74 and 11.65 μM, respectively. These findings contribute new anticancer potential compounds and expand the chemical diversity known from the valuable traditional medicinal plant I. parviflora. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105737 PMID: 37939737 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. 2. J Ethnopharmacol. 2024 Jan 10;318(Pt A):116954. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116954. Epub 2023 Jul 26. Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, processing methods and quality control of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm: A critical review. Tao Y(1), Deng Y(2), Wang P(3). Author information: (1)College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China. Electronic address: taoyi1985@zjut.edu.cn. (2)College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China. Electronic address: 1829672106@qq.com. (3)College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China. Electronic address: wangping45@zjut.edu.cn. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dried root tubers of L.aggregata have been widely used in Chinese herbal medicine for thousands of years to promote qi, relieve pain, warm kidney, and disperse cold. AIM OF THE STUDY: This review aims to assess the research progress of L.aggregata, to comprehensively understand its development status, to point out the shortcomings of the existing researches, and to provide reference for further research on L.aggregata. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By searching various databases for literatures on "Lindera aggregata", "Linderae Radix" and "Lindera strychnifolia", as well as relevant textbooks and digital documents, an overall and critical review of the subject was conducted. RESULTS: Through phytochemical studies on different parts of L.aggregata, about 260 compounds were isolated, including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, volatile oils, and other compounds. A large number of in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that L.aggregata has a plethora of pharmacological effects such as anti-cancer, anti-arthritis, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetic nephropathy, hepatoprotective, lipid-lowering effect and so on. CONCLUSION: While the pharmacological effects of L.aggregata have been confirmed, most studies only use simple in vitro cell lines or animal disease models to evaluate their pharmacological activities. Therefore, future research should be conducted in a more comprehensive clinical manner. Further pharmacological research is also necessary to fully clarify the action mechanism of L.aggregata. It is also interesting to note that L.aggregata is often used to treat frequent urination in ancient times, but its molecular basis and mechanism of action are still unclear, and systematic studies are lacking. In terms of quality control, the source of L.aggregata is single, mostly wild, and the main medicinal part of L.aggregata is the tuber, while the yield of straight root is large. Therefore, further attention should be paid to the rapid propagation technology of L.aggregata and whether straight root can be included in medicinal use. It is also worth thinking whether sulfur-fumigation is necessary for preserving L.aggregata. As vinegar-processing is a common processing method for L. aggregata, the mechanism of such processing method remains to be investigated. In addition, in-depth research on the pharmacokinetics and long-term toxicity of L.aggregata is necessary to ensure its efficacy and safety. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116954 PMID: 37499843 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. 3. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2019 Dec;71(12):1735-1761. doi: 10.1111/jphp.13173. Epub 2019 Oct 23. Pharmacological properties and their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: a review. Kumar S(1), Kumari R(2), Mishra S(2). Author information: (1)Department of Botany, Govt. P. G. College, Bageshwar, Uttarakhand, India. (2)Department of Botany & Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Haridwar, India. OBJECTIVES: Cinnamomum (Family Lauraceae) is traditionally used for flavouring food and in pharmaceutical preparations against various ailments. Detailed literature on the ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum is segregated and not present in well-documented form. In the present review, we have been trying to gather its detailed medicinal as well as pharmacological properties. The ethnobotanical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum were collected by searching several scientific databases, that is PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus. KEY FINDINGS: The plant extracts have been reported to possess astringent, warming stimulant, carminative, blood purifier, digestive, antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties and also help to reduce cholesterol and blood sugar levels. A wide range of phytochemical compounds including aldehydes, acetate, alcohol, terpinenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, coumarins, phenols, saponins, tannins, carboxylic acid, hydrocarbons, camphene, spathulenol, fatty acids, actinodaphnine, butanolides, lignans, steroids, propenoids and kaempferol glycosides are found in various parts of plant. SUMMARY: This review provides detailed information about history, traditional uses, phytochemistry and clinical impacts of cinnamon as a spice and medicine. So we recommend further study on the clinical, medicinal, purification and identification of the most effective antibacterial activity of cinnamon to cure various infectious diseases. © 2019 Royal Pharmaceutical Society. DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13173 PMID: 31646653 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 4. J Biosci Bioeng. 2019 Nov;128(5):525-528. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.012. Epub 2019 Jun 7. Improving the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect of Illigera aromatica by fermentation with Clonostachys rogersoniana. Dong JW(1), Li XJ(2), Zhao HY(1), Liu KQ(1), Shi JY(1), Li YF(1), Yang C(1), He YG(1). Author information: (1)College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, PR China. (2)College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, PR China. Electronic address: lixj93@outlook.com. Illigera aromatica was fermented by Clonostachys rogersoniana. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory effects of unfermented and fermented I. aromatica revealed that C. rogersoniana-fermented I. aromatica (CFIA) induced significantly more AChE inhibitory activity (IC50: 35.4 ± 2.1 μg/mL). The biotransformation of actinodaphnine (1) into (4R,6aS)-4-hydroxyactinodaphnine (2) was found during the fermentation, which played an important role in the improvement of the AChE inhibitory activity of I. aromatica. Subsequently, the fermentation conditions-including the solid-liquid ratio, fermentation temperature, and fermentation time-were optimized. I. aromatica immersed in 100-200% water and fermented with C. rogersoniana at ambient temperature for 30 days was conducive to the biotransformation of actinodaphnine (1) and improved the AChE inhibitory activity of I. aromatica. The present study provides a novel approach for improving the pharmacological effect of I. aromatica and suggests that CFIA may be used as an alternative AChE inhibitor. Copyright © 2019 The Society for Biotechnology, Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2019.04.012 PMID: 31178168 [Indexed for MEDLINE] 5. Nat Prod Res. 2021 Mar;35(6):960-966. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1614574. Epub 2019 May 28. Anti-inflammatory monoterpene esters from the stems of Illigera aromatica. Pu XY(1), Tian K(1), Sun JX(1), Wang W(1), Liu HC(2), Yang J(2), Jiang MY(1), Huang XZ(1). Author information: (1)Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, P. R. China. (2)Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Science, Kunming, P.R. China. Two new monoterpene esters illigerates F and G (1 and 2) together with 5 know compounds illigerate A (3), illigerate C (4), actinodaphnine (5), N-methylactinodaphnine(6) and N-methyllaurotetanine(7) were isolated from Illigera aromatica S. Z. Huang et S. L. Mo. Their structures were identified by extensive NMR data and by comparing with the known compounds. The anti-inflammatory activity of four monoterpenes (1 - 4) was evaluated by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and four monoterpenoids exhibited inhibitory effect with IC50 values of 71.5 ± 7.3, 74.7 ± 5.6, 48.0 ± 7.4 and 65.1 ± 3.7 μM, respectively. DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1614574 PMID: 31135220 [Indexed for MEDLINE]