Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection

1. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2024 Sep 6;58(9):1478-1484. doi: 
10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20231124-00373.

[Discussion on aesthetic and chemical characteristics of drinking water quality 
in emergencies].

[Article in Chinese; Abstract available in Chinese from the publisher]

Yu Y(1), Fei J(1), Ding Z(1), Zheng H(1).

Author information:
(1)Department of Environmental health and Department of Endemic Disease Control, 
Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, 
China.

The Standards for drinking water quality(GB 5749-2022), which has taken effect 
on April 1, 2023, stipulates that limit values of aesthetic and chemical 
characteristics of drinking water can be temporarily adjusted in emergencies. 
However, the national standard does not clearly specify the adjusted period and 
limit values. This study is based on the principle that the human body will not 
cause acute toxic damage during short-term exposure, considering the 
acceptability such as chromaticity, smell, and taste in drinking water, 
referring to the drinking water quality standards of different countries and 
regions including the World Health Organization, the United States, the European 
Union, Japan, Australia, etc. We discussed the limited values during emergencies 
for 21 aesthetic and chemical characteristics from GB 5749-2022 to guaranine the 
drinking water safety and human health in emergencies.

Publisher: 2023年4月1日正式实施的《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 
5749-2022）中规定：当发生影响水质的突发公共事件时，经风险评估，感官性状和一般化学指标可暂时适当放宽。但在国标中并未明确给出具体的放宽期间和限值要求。本文基于人体在短期暴露时间内不至于引起急性毒性损害的原则，综合考虑饮用水可接受性（色度、嗅觉和味觉等）感官性状指标阈值，参WHO、美国、欧盟、日本、澳大利亚等国家和组织的水质卫生标准，探讨《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 
5749-2022）中21项感官性状和一般化学指标应急供水期间的限值要求，为保障突发公共事件发生时的人群饮水安全和供水需求提供科学依据。.

DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20231124-00373
PMID: 39290034 [Indexed for MEDLINE]


2. Caffeine.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National 
Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006–.
2024 Jan 15.

Caffeine appears in breastmilk rapidly after maternal ingestion. Insufficient 
high-quality data are available to make good evidence-based recommendations on 
safe maternal caffeine consumption.[1] Fussiness, jitteriness and poor sleep 
patterns have been reported in the infants of mothers with very high caffeine 
intakes equivalent to about 10 or more cups of coffee daily. Studies in mothers 
taking 5 cups of coffee daily found no stimulation in breastfed infants 3 weeks 
of age and older. A maternal intake limit of 300 to 500 mg daily might be a safe 
level of intake for most mothers, although European authorities set a likely 
safe level at 200 mg.[2-4] Maternal doses of caffeine greater than 130 mg daily 
may decrease weight gain in their exclusively breastfed infants, but this needs 
further confirmation.[5] However, preterm and younger newborn infants metabolize 
caffeine very slowly and may have serum levels of caffeine and other active 
caffeine metabolites similar to their mothers' levels, so a lower intake level 
preferable in the mothers of these infants.[2,6,7] Other sources of caffeine, 
such as cola and energy drinks, yerba mate or guarana, will have similar 
dose-related effects on the breastfed infant. Coffee intake of more than 450 mL 
daily may decrease breastmilk iron concentrations and result in mild iron 
deficiency anemia in some breastfed infants.[8]

PMID: 30000527


3. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2014;20:68-93.

Alkaloids and athlete immune function: caffeine, theophylline, gingerol, 
ephedrine, and their congeners.

Senchina DS, Hallam JE, Kohut ML, Nguyen NA, Perera MA.

Plant alkaloids are found in foods, beverages, and supplements consumed by 
athletes for daily nutrition, performance enhancement, and immune function 
improvement. This paper examined possible immunomodulatory roles of alkaloids in 
exercise contexts, with a focus on human studies. Four representative groups 
were scrutinized: (a) caffeine (guaranine, mateine); (b) theophylline and its 
isomers, theobromine and paraxanthine; (c) ginger alkaloids including gingerols 
and shogaol; and (d) ephedra alkaloids such as ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. 
Emerging or prospective alkaloid sources (Goji berry, Noni berry, and bloodroot) 
were also considered. Human in vitro and in vivo studies on alkaloids and immune 
function were often conflicting. Caffeine may be immunomodulatory in vivo 
depending on subject characteristics, exercise characteristics, and immune 
parameters measured. Caffeine may exhibit antioxidant capacities. Ginger may 
exert in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in certain populations, but it is 
unclear whether these effects are due to alkaloids or other biochemicals. 
Evidence for an immunomodulatory role of alkaloids in energy drinks, cocoa, or 
ephedra products in vivo is weak to nonexistent. For alkaloid sources derived 
from plants, variability in the reviewed studies may be due to the presence of 
unrecognized alkaloids or non-alkaloid compounds (which may themselves be 
immunomodulatory), and pre-experimental factors such as agricultural or 
manufacturing differences. Athletes should not look to alkaloids or 
alkaloid-rich sources as a means of improving immune function given their 
inconsistent activities, safety concerns, and lack of commercial regulation.

PMID: 24974722 [Indexed for MEDLINE]


4. Edinb Med J. 1873 Oct;19(4):323-341.

An Experimental Inquiry into the Physiological Actions of Theine, Caffeine, 
Guaranine, Cocaine, and Theobromine.

Bennett A.

PMCID: PMC5316048
PMID: 29640934