Worldwide, there are plants known as psychoactive plants that naturally contain psychedelic active components. They have a high concentration of neuroprotective substances that can interact with the nervous system to produce psychedelic effects. Despite these plants' hazardous potential, recreational use of them is on the rise because of their psychoactive properties. Early neuroscience studies relied heavily on psychoactive plants and plant natural products (NPs), and both recreational and hazardous NPs have contributed significantly to the understanding of almost all neurotransmitter systems. Worldwide, there are many plants that contain psychoactive properties, and people have been using them for ages. Psychoactive plant compounds may significantly alter how people perceive the world.
1. J Plant Growth Regul. 1999 Nov;18(3):113-119. doi: 10.1007/pl00007058. The Effect of Gibberellins on Flowering in Roses. Roberts AV(1), Blake PS, Lewis R, Taylor JM, Dunstan DI. Author information: (1)Department of Life Sciences, University of East London, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ, UK The gibberellins A(1), A(3), A(5), A(8), A(19), A(20), and A(29) were identified in vegetative shoot tips of Rosa canina by comparing their mass spectra and Kovats retention indices with those of standards. Most wild roses have a short flowering season of 2-4 weeks in spring, whereas most modern cultivars flower recurrently. 'Félicité et Perpétue' is a short-season hybrid from a cross between a wild rose and a recurrent-flowering rose, whereas its sport, 'Little White Pet,' flowers recurrently. The concentrations of gibberellins (GAs) were measured in shoot apices of both cultivars. In March (before floral initiation in spring) the concentrations of GA(1) and GA(3) were respectively threefold and twofold higher in 'Félicité et Perpétue' than in 'Little White Pet.' In April (after floral initiation) the concentrations of both gibberellins were substantially greater than in March, and concentrations of GA(1) and GA(3) were, respectively, 17-fold and 12-fold greater in 'Félicité et Perpétue' than in 'Little White Pet.' It is postulated that, in 'Félicité et Perpétue,' floral initiation occurs when concentrations of GAs are low and is inhibited when concentrations of GAs are high, whereas in 'Little White Pet' concentrations of GAs remain at permissive levels throughout the growing season. Applications of GA(1) and GA(3) to axillary shoots in March inhibited floral development in 'Félicité et Perpétue' but not in 'Little White Pet.' This suggests that the combined concentration of exogenous and endogenous gibberellins might have been raised to inhibitory levels in the former but not in the latter cultivar. DOI: 10.1007/pl00007058 PMID: 10594246 2. Plant Physiol. 1992 Jan;98(1):221-4. doi: 10.1104/pp.98.1.221. Gibberellins and the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis : I. Endogenous Gibberellins of Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) Stems and Nodules. Dobert RC(1), Rood SB, Blevins DG. Author information: (1)Interdisciplinary Plant Group, Agronomy Department, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211. The content of gibberellin-like substances in nodules formed by Bradyrhizobium species strain 127E14 on roots of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) has been previously found to be relatively high. The objectives of the present study were to purify and identify the endogenous gibberellins from the stems and nodules of lima bean. By sequential silica gel partition column chromatography, C(18) reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the gibberellins A(1), A(3), A(19), A(20), A(29), and A(44) were identified from root nodules. Gibberellins A(1), A(3), A(19), A(20), and A(44) were also identified from lima bean stem tissue. These data provide the first mass spectral-based evidence that gibberellins are present in leguminous root nodules. The presence of the gibberellins identified indicates that the early 13-hydroxylation gibberellin biosynthetic pathway predominates in stem and nodule tissue. However, it is not known if the gibberellins within the nodules are produced in situ, or if they are imported from some remote host plant tissue. DOI: 10.1104/pp.98.1.221 PMCID: PMC1080172 PMID: 16668617 3. Plant Physiol. 1990 Sep;94(1):194-200. doi: 10.1104/pp.94.1.194. Comparison of gibberellins in normal and slender barley seedlings. Croker SJ(1), Hedden P, Lenton JR, Stoddart JL. Author information: (1)Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bristol, AFRC Institute of Arable Crops Research, Long Ashton Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF, United Kingdom. Gibberellins A(1), A(3), A(8), A(19), A(20), and A(29) were identified by full scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in leaf sheath segments of 7-day-old barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Golden Promise) seedlings grown at 20 degrees C under long days. In a segregating population of barley, cv Herta (Cb 3014), containing the recessive slender allele, (sln 1) the concentration of GA(1) and GA(3) was reduced by 10-fold and 6-fold, respectively, in rapidly growing homozygous slender, compared with normal, leaf sheath segments. However, the concentration of the C(20) precursor, GA(19), was nearly 2-fold greater in slender than in normal seedlings. There was little difference in the ABA content of sheath segments between the two genotypes. The gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, paclobutrazol, reduced the final sheath length of normal segregants (50% inhibition at 15 micromolar) but had no effect on the growth of slender seedlings at concentrations below 100 micromolar. There was a 15-fold and 4-fold reduction in GA(1) and GA(3), respectively, in sheath segments of 8-day-old normal seedlings following application of 10 micromolar paclobutrazol. The same treatment also reduced the already low concentrations of these gibberellins in slender segregants. The results show that the pool sizes of gibberellins A(1) and A(3) are small in slender barley and that leaf sheath extension in this genotype appears to be gibberellin-independent. The relationship between gibberellin status and tissue growth-rate in slender barley is contrasted with other gibberellin nonresponsive, but dwarf, mutants of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays). DOI: 10.1104/pp.94.1.194 PMCID: PMC1077209 PMID: 16667686 4. Planta. 1987 Jan;170(1):130-7. doi: 10.1007/BF00392389. Gibberellins in developing fruits of Pisum sativum cv. Alaska: Studies on their role in pod growth and seed development. Garcia-Martinez JL(1), Sponsel VM, Gaskin P. Author information: (1)Instituto de Agroquimica y Tecnologia de Alimentos, Jaime Roig, Valencia-10, Spain. Gibberellins A1, A8, A20 and A29 were identified by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the pods and seeds from 5-d-old pollinated ovaries of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Alaska). These gibberellins were also identified in 4-d-old non-developing, parthenocarpic and pollinated ovaries. The level of gibberellin A1 within these ovary types was correlated with pod size. Gibberellin A1, applied to emasculated ovaries cultured in vitro, was three to five times more active than gibberellin A20. Using pollinated ovary explants cultured in vitro, the effects of inhibitors of gibberellin biosynthesis on pod growth and seed development were examined. The inhibitors retarded pod growth during the first 7 d after anthesis, and this inhibition was reversed by simultaneous application of gibberellin A3. In contrast, the inhibitors, when supplied to 4-d-old pollinated ovaries for 16 d, had little effect on seed fresh weight although they reduced the levels of endogenous gibberellins A20 and A29 in the enlarging seeds to almost zero. Paclobutrazol, which was one of the inhibitors used, is xylem-mobile and it efficiently reduced the level of seed gibberellins without being taken up into the seed. In intact fruits the pod may therefore be a source of precursors for gibberellin biosynthesis in the seed. Overall, the results indicate that gibberellin A1, present in parthenocarpic and pollinated fruits early in development, regulates pod growth. In contrast the high levels of gibberellins A20 and A29, which accumulate during seed enlargement, appear to be unnecessary for normal seed development or for subsequent germination. DOI: 10.1007/BF00392389 PMID: 24232850 5. Planta. 1986 Sep;168(3):414-20. doi: 10.1007/BF00392370. The quantitative relationship between gibberellin A1 and internode growth in Pisum sativum L. Ingram TJ(1), Reid JB, Macmillan J. Author information: (1)School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK. The metabolism and growth-promoting activity of gibberellin A20 (GA20) were compared in the internode-length genotypes of pea, na le and na Le. Gibberellin A29 and GA29-catabolite were the major metabolites of GA20 in the genotype na le. However, low levels of GA1, GA8 and GA8-catabolite were also identified as metabolites in this genotype, confirming that the le allele is a 'leaky' mutation. Gibberellin A20 was approximately 20 to 30 times as active in promoting internode growth of genotype na Le as of genotype na le. However, the levels of the 3β-hydroxylated metabolite of GA20, GA8 (2β-hydroxy GA1), were similar for a given growth response in both genotypes. In each case a close linear relationship was observed between internode growth and the logarithm of GA8 levels. A similar relationship was found on comparing GA20 metabolism in the three genotypes le (d), le and Le. The former mutation results in a more severe dwarf phenotype than the le allele (which has previously been shown to reduce the 3β-hydroxylation of GA20 to GA1). These results indicate that GA20 has negligible intrinsic activity and support the contention that GA1 is the only GA active per se in promoting stem growth in pea. DOI: 10.1007/BF00392370 PMID: 24232154