Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection

1. Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jun 7;14:1109460. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1109460. 
eCollection 2023.

Metabolomics reveals the response of hydroprimed maize to mitigate the impact of 
soil salinization.

Zhang E(1), Zhu X(1), Wang W(1), Sun Y(1), Tian X(1), Chen Z(1), Mou X(1), Zhang 
Y(1), Wei Y(1), Fang Z(1), Ravenscroft N(1)(2)(3), O'Connor D(1)(2), Chang 
X(1)(2), Yan M(1).

Author information:
(1)College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
(2)School of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Royal Agricultural University, 
Cirencester, United Kingdom.
(3)International Agriculture University, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

Soil salinization is a major environmental stressor hindering global crop 
production. Hydropriming has emerged as a promising approach to reduce salt 
stress and enhance crop yields on salinized land. However, a better mechanisitic 
understanding is required to improve salt stress tolerance. We used a 
biochemical and metabolomics approach to study the effect of salt stress of 
hydroprimed maize to identify the types and variation of differentially 
accumulated metabolites. Here we show that hydropriming significantly increased 
catalase (CAT) activity, soluble sugar and proline content, decreased superoxide 
dismutase (SOD) activity and peroxide (H2O2) content. Conversely, hydropriming 
had no significant effect on POD activity, soluble protein and MDA content under 
salt stress. The Metabolite analysis indicated that salt stress significantly 
increased the content of 1278 metabolites and decreased the content of 1044 
metabolites. Ethisterone (progesterone) was the most important metabolite 
produced in the roots of unprimed samples in response to salt s tress. Pathway 
enrichment analysis indicated that flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, which 
relate to scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), was the most significant 
metabolic pathway related to salt stress. Hydropriming significantly increased 
the content of 873 metabolites and significantly decreased the content of 1313 
metabolites. 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate, a methyl donor for methionine, was the 
most important metabolite produced in the roots of hydroprimed samples in 
response to salt stress. Plant growth regulator, such as melatonin, gibberellin 
A8, estrone, abscisic acid and brassinolide involved in both treatment. Our 
results not only verify the roles of key metabolites in resisting salt stress, 
but also further evidence that flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and plant 
growth regulator relate to salt tolerance.

Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Zhu, Wang, Sun, Tian, Chen, Mou, Zhang, Wei, Fang, 
Ravenscroft, O’Connor, Chang and Yan.

DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1109460
PMCID: PMC10282767
PMID: 37351217

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was 
conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could 
be construed as a potential conflict of interest.


2. Talanta. 2011 Aug 15;85(2):897-905. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.073. Epub 
2011 May 6.

Investigation of plant hormone level changes in shoot tips of longan (Dimocarpus 
longan Lour.) treated with potassium chlorate by liquid 
chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Susawaengsup C(1), Rayanakorn M, Wongpornchai S, Wangkarn S.

Author information:
(1)Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang 
Mai 50200, Thailand.

The endogenous levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellins (GAs), 
abscisic acid (ABA) and cytokinins (CKs) and their changes were investigated in 
shoot tips of ten longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) trees for off-season 
flowering until 60 days after potassium chlorate treatment in comparison with 
those of ten control (untreated) longan trees. These analytes were extracted and 
interfering matrices removed with a single mixed-mode solid phase extraction 
under optimum conditions. The recoveries at three levels of concentration were 
in the range of 72-112%. The endogenous plant hormones were separated and 
quantified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry 
(LC-ESI-MS). Detection limits based on the signal-to-noise ratio ranged from 10 
ng mL(-1) for gibberellin A4 (GA4) to 200 ng mL(-1) for IAA. Within the first 
week after potassium chlorate treatment, dry weight (DW) amounts in the treated 
longan shoot tips of four gibberellins, namely: gibberellin A1(GA1), gibberellic 
acid (GA3), gibberellin A19 (GA19) and gibberellin A20 (GA20), were found to 
increase to approximately 25, 50, 20 and 60 ng g(-1) respectively, all of which 
were significantly higher than those of the controls. In contrast, gibberellin 
A8 (GA8) obtained from the treated longan was found to decrease to approximately 
20 ng g(-1)DW while that of the control increased to around 80 ng g(-1)DW. 
Certain CKs which play a role in leaf bud induction, particularly isopentenyl 
adenine (iP), isopentenyl adenosine (iPR) and dihydrozeatin riboside (DHZR), 
were found to be present in amounts of approximately 20, 50 and 60 ng g(-1)DW in 
the shoot tips of the control longan. The analytical results obtained from the 
two-month off-season longan flowering period indicate that high GA1, GA3, GA19 
and GA20 levels in the longan shoot tips contribute to flower bud induction 
while high levels of CKs, IAA and ABA in the control longan contribute more to 
the vegetative development.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.04.073
PMID: 21726716 [Indexed for MEDLINE]


3. Planta. 1984 Dec;162(6):560-5. doi: 10.1007/BF00399923.

Identification and localization of gibberellins in maturing seeds of the 
cucurbit Sechium edule, and a comparison between this cucurbit and the legume 
Phaseolus coccineus.

Albone KS(1), Gaskin P, Macmillan J, Sponsel VM.

Author information:
(1)Agricultural Research Council Research Group, School of Chemistry, The 
University, BS8 1TS, Bristol, UK.

Twenty known gibberellins (GAs) have been identified by combined capillary gas 
chromatography-mass spectrometry in extracts from less than 10 g fresh weight of 
maturing seeds of the cucurbit Sechium edule Sw. The GAs are predominantly 3- 
and-or 13-hydroxylated. This is the first reported identification of 
non-conjugated 13-hydroxylated GAs in a cucurbit. Gibberellin A8 and gibberellin 
A8-catabolite are the major GAs in terms of quantity and are largely accumulated 
in the testa. The catabolites of 2β-hydroxylated GAs are α,β-unsaturated ketones 
which no longer possess of a γ-lactone. They were hitherto known only in 
legumes. The presence of GA8-catabolite as a major component of Sechium seeds 
indicates that the distribution of these GA-catabolites may be more widespread 
than previously envisaged. The localization of known GAs in maturing seeds of 
the legume Phaseolus coccineus L. was found to resemble closely that in Sechium. 
Gibberellin A8, a putative conjugate of GA8 and GA8-catabolite are accumulated 
in the testa. The localization in the testa of end-products of the 
GA-biosynthetic pathway, which was first observed in maturing seeds of Pisum 
sativum, and is now described in Phaseolus and Sechium, may be a general feature 
of seed development.

DOI: 10.1007/BF00399923
PMID: 24253274


4. Planta. 1984 Jul;161(5):432-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00394574.

Growth and gibberellin-A1 metabolism in normal and gibberellin-insensitive 
(Rht3) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings.

Stoddart JL(1).

Author information:
(1)Welsh Plant Breeding Station, SY23 3EB, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, UK.

Growth parameters were determined for tall (rht3) and dwarf (Rht3) seedlings of 
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant statures and leaf length were reduced by 50% 
in dwarfs but root and shoot dry weights were less affected. Leaves of dwarf 
seedlings had shorter epidermal cells and the numbers of cells per rank in talls 
and dwarfs matched the observed relationships in overall length. Talls grew at 
twice the rate of dwarfs (2.3 compared with 1.2 mm h(-1)). [(3)H]Gibberellin A1 
([(3)H]GA1) was fed to seedlings via the third leaf and metabolism was followed 
over 12 h. Immature leaves of tall seedlings transferred radioactivity rapidly 
to compounds co-chromatographing with [(3)H]gibberellin A8 ([(3)H]GA8) and a 
conjugate of [(3)H]GA8, whereas leaves of dwarf seedlings metabolised [(3)H]GA1 
more slowly. Roots of both genotypes produced [(3)H]GA8-like material at similar 
rates. Isotopic dilution studies indicated a reduced 2β-hydroxylation capacity 
in dwarfs, but parallel estimates of the endogenous GA pool size, obtained by 
radioimmunoassay, indicated a 12-15 times higher level of GA in the dwarf 
immature leaves. Dwarfing by the Rht3 gene does not appear to operate through 
enhanced, or abnormal metabolism of active gibberellins and the act of GA 
metabolism does not bear an obligate relationship to the growth response.

DOI: 10.1007/BF00394574
PMID: 24253843


5. Planta. 1984 Apr;160(5):464-8. doi: 10.1007/BF00429764.

Internode length in Zea mays L. : The dwarf-1 mutation controls the 
3β-hydroxylation of gibberellin A20 to gibberellin A 1.

Spray C(1), Phinney BO, Gaskin P, Gilmour SJ, Macmillan J.

Author information:
(1)Department of Biology, University of California, 90024, Los Angeles, CA.

[(13)C, (3)H]Gibberellin A20 (GA20) has been fed to seedlings of normal (tall) 
and dwarf-5 and dwarf-1 mutants of maize (Zea mays L.). The metabolites from 
these feeds were identified by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 
[(13)C, (3)H]Gibberellin A20 was metabolized to [(13)C, (3)H]GA29-catabolite and 
[(13)C, (3)H]GA1 by the normal, and to [(13)C, (3)H]GA29 and [(13)C, (3)H]GA1 by 
the dwarf-5 mutant. In the dwarf-1 mutant, [(13)C, (3)H]GA20 was metabolized to 
[(13)C, (3)H]GA29 and [(13)C, (3)H]GA29-catabolite; no evidence was found for 
the metabolism of [(13)C, (3)H]GA20 to [(13)C, (3)H]GA1. [(13)C, 
(3)H]Gibberellin A8 was not found in any of the feeds. In all feeds no dilution 
of (13)C in recovered [(13)C, (3)H]GA20 was observed. Also in the dwarf-5 
mutant, the [(13)C]label in the metabolites was apparently undiluted by 
endogenous [(13)C]GAs. However, dilution of the [(13)C]label in metabolites from 
[(13)C, (3)H]GA20 was observed in normal and dwarf-1 seedlings. The results from 
the feeding studies provide evidence that the dwarf-1 mutation of maize blocks 
the conversion of GA20 to GA1.

DOI: 10.1007/BF00429764
PMID: 24258675