Psychoactive Plant Database - Neuroactive Phytochemical Collection

1. Plants (Basel). 2024 Sep 18;13(18):2599. doi: 10.3390/plants13182599.

Spatio-Temporal Variations of Volatile Metabolites as an Eco-Physiological 
Response of a Native Species in the Tropical Forest.

Felisberto JS(1)(2)(3), Machado DB(1)(2), Assunção JAS(4), Massau SAS(2), 
Queiroz GA(5), Guimarães EF(2), Ramos YJ(1)(3), Moreira DL(1)(2)(4).

Author information:
(1)Postgraduate Program in Plant Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, 
Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, RJ, Brazil.
(2)Natural Products and Biochemistry Laboratory, Rio de Janeiro Botanical Garden 
Research Institute, Jardim Botânico, Rio de Janeiro 22460-030, RJ, Brazil.
(3)Earth's Pharmacy Laboratory, Federal University of Bahia, Ondina, Salvador 
40170-215, BA, Brazil.
(4)Postgraduate Program in Translational Research in Drugs and Medicines, 
Pharmaceutical Technology Institute (Farmanguinhos), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, 
Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil.
(5)Department of Pharmacy, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 
23070-200, RJ, Brazil.

This study evaluates the essential oil (EO) composition of Piper rivinoides 
Kunth, a shrub native to the Brazilian tropical rainforest, across different 
plant parts and developmental phases. The aim was to explore the chemical 
diversity of EO and its reflection in the plant's ecological interactions and 
adaptations. Plant organs (roots, stems, branches, and leaves) at different 
developmental phases were subjected to hydrodistillation followed by chemical 
analysis using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas 
Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The results revealed a 
relevant variation in EO yield and composition among different plant parts and 
developmental phases. Leaves showed the highest yield and chemical diversity, 
with α-pinene and β-pinene as major constituents, while roots and stems were 
characterized by a predominance of arylpropanoids, particularly apiol. The 
chemical diversity in leaves increased with plant maturity, indicating a dynamic 
adaptation to environmental interactions. The study underscores the importance 
of considering the ontogeny of plant parts in understanding the ecological roles 
and potential applications of P. rivinoides in medicine and agriculture. The 
findings contribute to the overall knowledge of Piperaceae chemodiversity and 
ecological adaptations, offering insights into the plant's interaction with its 
environment and its potential uses based on chemical composition.

DOI: 10.3390/plants13182599
PMCID: PMC11435382
PMID: 39339574

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.


2. Heliyon. 2024 Aug 30;10(17):e36866. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36866. 
eCollection 2024 Sep 15.

Hepato-renal protective impact of nanocapsulated Petroselinum crispum and 
Anethum graveolens essential oils added in fermented milk against some food 
additives via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects: In silico and in vivo 
studies.

Mohamed RS(1), Fouda K(1), Maghraby AS(2), Assem FM(3), Menshawy MM(4), Zaghloul 
AH(3), Abdel-Salam AM(3).

Author information:
(1)Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, 
Cairo, Egypt.
(2)Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, research group immune-and bio-markers 
for infection, the Center of Excellent for Advanced Science (CEAS), National 
Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
(3)Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
(4)College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University 
for Science and Technology, 6th October City, Egypt.

The study assessed the efficacy of parsley and dill essential oils (EOs) 
nanocapsules incorporated into fermented milk in hepato-renal protection against 
specific food additives. A molecular docking assay was conducted between parsley 
and dill EOs bioactive molecules and inflammatory cytokines. Freeze-dried 
parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules were developed, characterized for their 
morphological structure, particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index and 
encapsulation efficiency and assessed in fast green dye and sodium benzoate (SB) 
combination-treated rats. The docking results revealed that the primary 
constituents of parsley and dill EOs (apiol, myristicin, α-pinene, (-)-carvone, 
and d-limonene) interacted with the active sites of TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-1β 
cytokines with hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions. D-limonene had the 
highest binding affinity (6.4 kcal/mol) for the TNF-α. Apiol and myristicin had 
the highest binding affinity (5.1, 5.0, 5.0 and 5.0 kcal/mol, respectively) for 
the IL-1β and TGF-β1 receptors. Biochemically and histopathologically, the 
excessive co-administration of fast green and SB revealed adverse effects on the 
liver and the kidney. Whereas the treatment with parsley and dill EOs 
nanocapsules afford hepato-renal protective effects as manifested by suppression 
the elevated liver and kidney functions. Parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules 
showed a significant reduction of the liver (64.08 and 80.5 pg/g, respectively) 
and kidney (59.3 and 83.6 pg/g, respectively) ROS. Moreover, parsley and dill 
EOs nanocapsules down-regulated the liver and the kidney inflammatory cytokines 
(IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-1β) and lipid peroxidation and up-regulated the 
antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, the data suggest a potential hepato-renal 
protective effects of parsley and dill EOs nanocapsules.

© 2024 The Author(s).

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e36866
PMCID: PMC11403541
PMID: 39286161

Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known 
competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared 
to influence the work reported in this paper.


3. Mutat Res. 2024 Aug 16;829:111881. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111881. Online 
ahead of print.

Apiole, an important constituent of parsley, is a mixed-type inhibitor of the 
CYP1A subfamily.

Espinosa-Aguirre JJ(1), Camacho-Carranza R(2), Hernández-Ojeda SL(3), 
Cárdenas-Ávila RI(4), Santes-Palacios R(5).

Author information:
(1)Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de 
México, Tercer Circuito Exterior sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de 
México 04510, Mexico. Electronic address: jjea@iibiomedicas.unam.mx.
(2)Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de 
México, Tercer Circuito Exterior sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de 
México 04510, Mexico. Electronic address: rcamacho@iibiomedicas.unam.mx.
(3)Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de 
México, Tercer Circuito Exterior sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de 
México 04510, Mexico.
(4)Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida 
Universidad 3000, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
(5)Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Instituto Nacional de 
Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur 3700-C, Insurgentes Cuicuilco, Coyoacán, Ciudad de 
México C. P. 04530, Mexico.

Apiole (1-allyl-2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzene) and parsley leaves 
ethanolic extract containing it inhibit the rat liver microsomal ethoxy- and 
methoxyresorufin-O-deacetylase activities associated with cytochrome P450 (CYP) 
1A1 and 1A2, respectively. Cytochrome P4501A subfamily metabolizes environmental 
mutagens and several drugs, leading to the formation of mutagenic metabolites. 
Docking analysis showed that residue Phe123 within the active site of the CYP1A1 
enzyme is bound to apiole through a π/π stacking of its benzene ring. In the 
case of 1A2, its Phe226 interacts with the dioxolane ring of apiole. 
Furthermore, apiole behaves as a mixed-type inhibitor of bacterial human 
recombinant CYP1A1. To explore one of the possible biological implications of 
this inhibitory effect, we tested the capacity of apiole and the parsley 
ethanolic extract to interfere with the mutagenicity of the promutagen 
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) metabolized by CYP1A 
subfamily. As expected, both apiole and the plant extract reduced the number of 
revertant colonies of Salmonella typhimurium TA98 Ames strain after exposure to 
MeIQx, reaching a 78 % and 100 % reduction, respectively. Neither apiol nor 
parsley extract were mutagenic to the TA98 strain. We speculate that consuming 
apiole, a constituent of edible herbs, in conjunction with the utilization of 
pharmaceuticals metabolized by the CYP1A subfamily, may result in herb-drug 
interactions. Furthermore, the consumption of apiole by individuals who 
regularly ingest fresh vegetables may contribute to the low incidence of cancer 
observed in those who adhere to such a dietary regimen.

Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2024.111881
PMID: 39191149

Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors 
declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal 
relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this 
paper.


4. Heliyon. 2024 Jul 23;10(15):e34995. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34995. 
eCollection 2024 Aug 15.

Association analysis of leaf aromatic substances in cultivated and weedy types 
of Perilla crop using SSR markers.

Cho J(1)(2), Sa KJ(3), Park H(1)(2), Heo TH(1)(2), Lee S(4), Lee JK(1)(2).

Author information:
(1)Department of Applied Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life 
Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea.
(2)Interdisciplinary Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National University, 
Chuncheon 24341, South Korea.
(3)Department of Crop Science, College of Ecology & Environmental Sciences, 
Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, South Korea.
(4)National Agrobiodiversity Center, National Institute of Agricultural 
Sciences, RDA, Jeonju 54874, South Korea.

In East Asia, particularly South Korea, the two cultivated varieties of Perilla 
are commonly grown. They are clearly distinguished by their aromatic substances 
and have different uses as leafy vegetables or oil crop. This study was 
performed for the development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers linked to 
volatile compounds in Perilla leaves that show differences between cultivated 
var. frutescens (CF), weedy var. frutescens (WF), and weedy var. crispa (WC) of 
Perilla. Fifty Perilla SSR primer sets were used to analyze genetic diversity 
for the 80 Perilla accessions of the three types. A total of 276 alleles were 
detected, with an average of 5.5 alleles per locus. The average genetic 
diversity values for CF, WF, and WC accessions were 0.402, 0.583, and 0.437, 
respectively. WF accessions exhibited the highest genetic diversity among the 
three types of the Perilla crop. Phylogenetic tree analysis classified 80 
Perilla accessions of the three types into four groups, showing 37.2 % genetic 
similarity. Three types of the Perilla crop were clearly distinguished except 
for outstanding accessions. Through the application of an association analysis 
involving 50 Perilla SSR primer sets and five volatile compounds (perilla 
aldehyde, perilla ketone, myristicin, dill apiol, (Z,E)-α-farnesene) in the 
three types of the Perilla accessions, we detected 11 significant marker-trait 
associations duplicated in both Q GLM and Q + K MLM methods. These findings 
serve as valuable insights for identifying the aromatic substances in Perilla 
plants originating from various regions of South Korea.

© 2024 The Authors.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34995
PMCID: PMC11336293
PMID: 39170332

Conflict of interest statement: We declare that this manuscript is original, has 
not been published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere and 
there are no conflicts of interest to disclose.


5. Parsley.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed®) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National 
Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006–.
2024 Aug 15.

Parsley (Carum petroselinum) leaf, seed, and root contain the volatile oils 
apiol and myristicin, which is pharmacologically active, as well as flavonoids, 
beta-phellandrene, bergapten, and vitamins A and C. Warm compresses or poultices 
of parsley have been used to treat breast engorgement and mastalgia.[1,2] Oral 
capsules containing sage and parsley capsules are said to decrease milk flow; 
however, no scientifically valid clinical trials support this use. Some mothers 
in Türkiye reportedly use parsley to increase their milk supply.[3] 
Galactogogues should never replace evaluation and counseling on modifiable 
factors that affect milk production.[4,5] No data exist on the excretion of any 
components of parsley into breastmilk or on the safety and efficacy of parsley 
nursing mothers or infants. Parsley is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) as 
a food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Adverse reactions are primarily 
allergic, including cross reactions to other members of the Apiaceae family, 
such as carrot, celery, and fennel. The essential oil should not be used because 
of potential toxicity of its apiol and myristicin content. Dietary supplements 
do not require extensive pre-marketing approval from the U.S. Food and Drug 
Administration. Manufacturers are responsible to ensure the safety, but do not 
need to prove the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they 
are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and 
differences are often found between labeled and actual ingredients or their 
amounts. A manufacturer may contract with an independent organization to verify 
the quality of a product or its ingredients, but that does not certify the 
safety or effectiveness of a product. Because of the above issues, clinical 
testing results on one product may not be applicable to other products. More 
detailed information about dietary supplements is available elsewhere on the 
LactMed Web site.

PMID: 30000940